Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan ( NAI), Ekiti Div. 1/1, 56, vol I.
2.
Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York, Grove Press, 1963), 250-51.
3.
Yaba Mental Hospital, From Asylum to Hospital (Lagos: 1987).
4.
Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge. A. M. Sheridan Smith, trans. ( New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 470.
5.
Colony of Southern Nigeria, Government Gazette (7 November 1906), 671-8.
6.
Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization. Richard Howard, trans. (New York : Vintage Books, 1965).
7.
Roy Porter, Mind Forg'd Manacles (London: Penguin Books, 1987), 2.
8.
Waltraud Ernst, Mad Tales from the Raj: The European Insane in Britash India ( London: Routledge, 1991).
9.
John Iliffe, The African Poor: A History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987).
10.
Megan Vaughan , 'Idioms of madness: Zomba Lunatic Asylum, Nyasaland, in the Colonial Period', Journal of Southern African Studies , ix (2) ( 1983).
11.
NAI Oyo Prof. C69, 'Incidence of Functional Nervous Diseases Amongst European Officials.' 12. Bruce F. Home, Insanity in Nigeria (Lagos : 1928), 10.
12.
Anne Phillips , The Enigma of Colonialism ( London: James Currey, 1989), 3.
13.
NAI Comcol 1 735/s. 1, vol. I-III.
14.
NAI Ekiti Div. 1/1 56, vol. I. All excerpts from the trial are from this source.
15.
Elaine Showalter , The Female Malady (New York : Penguin, 1985), 61.
16.
See, for example, Megan Vaughan, Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991), 102
17.
; and Jan Goldstein, Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), xii.
18.
Raymond Prince , 'Indigenous Yoruba psychiatry', in Ari Kiev (ed.), Magic Faith, and Healing (New York: Basic Books, 1964), 87.
19.
See Charlotte Maria Tucker, Abbeokuta: Sunrise within the Tropics (London:1853)
20.
and Charles Maddry, Day Dawn in Yoruba Land (Nashville, TN: 1939).
21.
NAI Comcol 1 735/s.1, Vol. i, 'Lunatics: Matters Affecting', 126.
22.
Andrew Apter, Black Critics and Kings: The Hermeneutics of Power in Yoruba Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 7
23.
. For other fairly recent approaches to 'resistance' in Africa, see Donald Crummey (ed.), Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa (London: 1986)
24.
and Jean Comaroff, Body of Power/Spirit of Resistance (Chicago: 1985).
25.
Shoshana Felman , 'Women and madness: the critical phallacy', Diacritics, v (1975)
26.
, quoted in Showalter, The Female Malady, 5.
27.
Aro Mental Hospital (AMH) Case File M46, 1946.
28.
E.A. Ayandele , The Missionary Impact on Modern Nigeria (London: 1966), 162.
29.
See Margery Perham's remarks on the 'women's riots' in Aba, quoted in Sylvia Leith-Ross , African Women (2nd edn, London: 1965).
30.
See also J.C. Carothers , The Psychology of Mau Mau and Dane Kennedy, 'Constructing the colonial myth of Mau Mau', International Journal of African Historical Studies, xxv (2) (1992), 241-60.
31.
See Leo Srole , et al., 'The Midtown Manhattan Longitudinal Study versus the Mental Paradise Lost Doctrine', Archives of General Psychiatry, xxxvii ( 1980), 209-21.
32.
See especially Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture ( Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1934 )
33.
Thomas Scheff , Being Mentally Ill (2nd edn, New York: Aldine de Gruyter , 1984), 70.
34.
Jane Murphy , 'Psychiatric labeling in cross-cultural perspective ', Science (1976), 1019-27.
35.
Robert Belmaker and H.M. von Praag, Mania: An Evolving Concept ( New York: 1980)
36.
Howard C. Warren , Dictionary of Psychology ( Boston: 1934).
37.
D.K. Henderson and R.D. Gillespie, A Textbook of Psychiatry ( London: 1930), 118.
38.
Home, Insanity in Nigeria, 3.
39.
Allen Horwitz , The Social Control of Mental Illness (New York: Academic Press, 1982).
40.
Thomas Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness (New York: Hoeber-Harper, 1961)
41.
; R.D. Laing, The Divided Self (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1959)
42.
; Scheff, Being Mentally Ill.
43.
Paulin Hountondji , African Philosophy (Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 1976)
44.
and V.Y. Mudimbe, The Invention of Africa (Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 1988).
