Henry Calderwood, a nineteenth-century Scottish philosopher interested in madness, published in 1879 an important work on the interaction between philosophy of mind, the nascent neurosciences and mental disease. Holding a spiritual view of the mind, he considered the phrase ‘mental disease’ (as Feuchtersleben had in 1845) to be but a misleading metaphor. His analysis of the research work of Ferrier, Clouston, Crichton-Browne, Maudsley, Tuke, Sankey, etc., is detailed, and his views are correct on the very limited explanatory power that their findings had for the understanding of madness. Calderwood’s conceptual contribution deserves to be added to the growing list of nineteenth-century writers who started the construction of a veritable ‘philosophy of alienism’ (now called ‘philosophy of psychiatry’).
BerriosGE (1981) Delirium and confusion in the 19th century. British Journal of Psychiatry139: 439–449.
2.
BerriosGE (1982) Disorientation states in psychiatry. Comprehensive Psychiatry23: 479–491.
3.
BerriosGE (1987) Historical aspects of the psychoses: 19th century issues. British Medical Bulletin43: 484–498.
4.
BerriosGE (2006) ‘Mind in General’ by Sir Alexander Crichton [Classic Text No. 68]. History of Psychiatry17(4): 469–497.
5.
BerriosGE (2009) Excerpt from De la Folie … by P. Despine (1875) [Classic Text No. 79]. History of Psychiatry20(3): 393–400.
6.
BerriosGE (2012) The 19th-century nosology of alienism: history and epistemology. In: KendlerKParnasJ (eds) Philosophical Issues in Psychiatry II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 101–123.
7.
BickleJ (ed.) (2009) The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
BoutrouxE (1908) De L’influence de la philosophie écossaise sur la philosophie française. In: Études d’histoire de la Philosophie. Paris: Alcan, 413–443.
10.
BowlerPJ (2003) Evolution: The History of an Idea, 3rd edn.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
11.
CalderwoodH (1861) The Philosophy of the Infinite, 2nd edn.Cambridge: Macmillan.
12.
CalderwoodH (1879) The Relations of Mind and Brain. London: Macmillan.
13.
CalderwoodH (1884) Handbook of Moral Philosophy, 11th edn.London: Macmillan.
14.
CalderwoodWLWoodsideD (1900) The Life of Henry Calderwood. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
15.
CouplandWC (1892) Philosophy of mind. In: TukeDH (ed.) Dictionary of Psychological Medicine, Vol. 1. London: Churchill, 27–49.
16.
DaceyM (2015) Associationism without associative links: Thomas Brown and the associationist project. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science54: 31–40.
17.
EyH (1954) Structure et déstructuration de la conscience. Étude No. 27. In:Études Psychiatriques, Vol. 3. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 653–760.
18.
FerrierD (1880) The Functions of the Brain. New York: Putnam.
19.
FeuchterslebenE (1845) Lehrbuch der ärztlichen Seelenkunde. Wien: Carl Gerold.
20.
GrahamG (2015a) Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21.
GrahamG (2015b) A re-examination of Sir William Hamilton’s philosophy. In: GrahamG (ed.) Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 47–61.
22.
GraveSA (1960) The Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
23.
GraveSA (1967) Thomas Brown. In: EdwardsP (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan, 401–403.
24.
HoeldtkeR (1967) The history of Associationism and British Medical Psychology. Medical History11: 46–64.
25.
JohnstoneTB (2004) Calderwood, Henry (1830–1897), rev. CA Creffield. In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
26.
KuehnM (1987) Scottish Common Sense in Germany 1768–1800. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
27.
LeylandJ (1888) David Ferrier. A Biography. Leicester: Office of the ‘Provincial Medical Journal’, Friar Lane.
28.
ManderWJ (2011) British Idealism: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29.
MetzR (1938) A Hundred Years of British Philosophy. London: George Allen & Unwin.
30.
MicheliG (1990) The early reception of Kant’s thought in England. In: RossGMMcWalterT (eds) Kant and his Influence. Bristol: Continuum, 202–315.
31.
NicolasS (2007) Histoire de la Philosophie en France au XIXe siècle. Naissance de la psychologie spiritualiste (1789–1830). Paris: L’Harmattan.
32.
Pringle-PattisonAS (1900) The philosophical works. In: Calderwood WL and Woodside D, The Life of Henry Calderwood. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 421–439.
33.
RossGMMcWalterT (eds) (1990) Kant and his Influence. Bristol: Continuum.
34.
SherringtonCS (2004) Ferrier, Sir David (1843–1928), rev. M Bevan. In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35.
StirlingJH (1865) The Secret of Hegel, 2 vols. London: Longman.
36.
SzaszT (1974) The Myth of Mental Illness. New York: Harper Row.
37.
WellekR (1931) Immanuel Kant in England 1793–1838. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
38.
YoungRM (1970) Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
