Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard’s 1825 ‘Study of several involuntary functions of the apparatus of movement, gripping, and voice’ discusses 10 individuals with uncontrolled movements but no other significant impairments. Thus, otherwise normal people move in inappropriate ways against their better judgement. Although the study contains the first clinical description of Tourette Syndrome, it has received little attention beyond that notice. Examined in its entirety and in its cultural context, Itard’s study characterizes patients’ movements in terms of the will, propriety, animals and gender. Lacking control over their movements, the individuals are underdeveloped humans. Accordingly, sufferers’ facial expression, bodily movements and unplanned vocalizations render them more animal than human and more deviant than normal, although they are neither insane nor evil.
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2.
Berrios G. and Gili M. ( 1995) Will and its disorders: a conceptual history. History of Psychiatry6: 87-104.
3.
Carrey NJ ( 1995) Itard’s 1828 memoire on "Mutism caused by a lesion of the intellectual functions": a historical analysis. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry34 (12): 1655-1661.
4.
Cartwright L. ( 1995) Screening the Body. Tracing Medicine’s Visual Culture . Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
5.
Didi-Huberman G. ( 2003) Invention of Hysteria: Charcot and the Photographic Iconography of the Salpêtrière, translated by A. Hartz. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; originally published in French in 1982.
6.
Galvani L. ( 1953) The Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion, translated by R. Montraville Green. Cambridge, MA: Elizabeth Licht; originally published in Latin in1791.
7.
Gilles de la Tourette G ( 1885) Étude sur une affection nerveuse caractérisée par l’incoordination motrice accompagnée d’écholalie et de coprolalie (jumping, latah, myriachit). Archives de Neurologie9: 19-42, 158-200.
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Goring P. ( 2005) The Rhetoric of Sensibility in Eighteenth-Century Culture . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10.
Itard J.-MG (1801) De l’Éducation d’un homme sauvage ou de premiers developments physiques et moraux de jeune sauvage de l’Aveyron. Paris: Gouyon; translated by G Humphrey and M Humphrey: The Wild Boy of Aveyron. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962.
11.
Itard J-MG ( 1821) Traité des maladies d’oreille et de l’audition, 2 vols. Paris: Mequignon Marvis .
12.
Itard J-MG ( 1825) Mémoire sur quelques fonctions involontaires des appareils de la locomotion, de la préhension et de la voix. Archives Générales de Médicine8: 385-407; see also Newman, 2006.
13.
Kemp M. ( 2007) The Human Animal in Western Art and Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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Kushner H. ( 1999) A Cursing Brain? The Histories of Tourette Syndrome. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Kushner H. and Kiessling L. ( 1996) The controversy over the classification of Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome, 1800-1995. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine39 (3): 409-435.
16.
Lane H. ( 1976) The Wild Boy of Aveyron. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
17.
Linneaus C. ( 1758-9) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: …, 10th edn (Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii).
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Locke J. ( 1690) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, retrieved from: http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/locke/Essay.htm .
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Micale M. ( 1995) Hysteria: Disease and Its Interpretations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
20.
Newman S. ( 2006) Study of several involuntary functions of the apparatus of movement, gripping, and voice, by J. M. G. Itard (Classic Text No. 67). History of Psychiatry17 (3): 333-351.
21.
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25.
Robertson M. and Reinstein D. ( 1991) Convulsive tic disorder. Georges de la Tourette, Guinon and Grasset on the phenomenology and psychopathology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Behavioural Neurology4: 29-56.
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Spoel P. ( 1998) The science of bodily rhetoric in Gilbert Austin. Rhetoric Society Quarterly28 (4): 5-29.
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Stafford B. ( 1993) Body Criticism: Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
28.
Yorston G. and Hindley N. ( 1998) Study of a nervous disorder characterized by motor incoordination with echolalia and coprolalia. The introduction and case studies of Gilles de la Tourette’s 1885 paper. History of Psychiatry9: 97-120.
