Antiviral Chemotherapy in Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

Corey L Adams HG Brown ZA Holmes KK. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: Clinical manifestations, course and complications. Ann Intern Medicine 1983;98:958–72.

Roizman B Sears AE. An inquiry into the mechanisms of herpes simplex virus latency. Ann Rev Microbiol 1987;41:543–71.

de Miranda P Blum MR . Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous and oral administration. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983;12(Suppl B):29–37.

Elion GB. Mechanism of action and selectivity of acyclovir. Am J Med 1982;73(Suppl 1A):7–13.

Fyfe JA Keller PM Furman PA Miller RL Elion GB. Thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus phosphorylates the new antiviral compound 9-(2-hydroxy-ethoxymethyl) guanine. J Biol Chem 1978;253:8721–7.

Miller WH Miller RL. Phosphorylation of acyclovir (acycloguanosine) monophosphate by GMP kinase. J Biol Chem 1980;255:7204–7.

Furman PA St Clair MH Fyfe JA Inhibition of herpes simplex virus induced DNA polymerase activity and viral DNA replication by 9-(2-hydroxy-ethoxymethyl) guanine and its triphosphate. J Med Virol 1979;32:72–7.

Mindel A Adler MW Sutherland S Fiddian AP. Intravenous acyclovir treatment for primary genital herpes. Lancet 1982;i:697–700.

Corey L Fife KH Benedetti JK Intravenous acyclovir for the treatment of primary genital herpes. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:914–21.

Peacock J Kaplowitz L Sparling F Intravenous acyclovir in the therapy of first episode genital herpes: a multicenter trial. Abstract. 24th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Washington DC 8–10 October, 1984.

Mertz GJ Critchlow CJ Benedetti J Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral acyclovir in first-episode genital herpes simplex virus infection. JAMA 1984;252:1147–51.

Nilsen AE Assen J Halsos AM Efficacy of oral acyclovir in the treatment of initial and recurrent genital herpes. Lancet 1981;ii:571–3.

Bryson YJ Dillon M Lovett M Treatment of first episodes of genital herpes simplex virus infection with oral acyclovir. A randomised double-blind controlled trial in normal subjects. N Engl J Med 1983;3308:916–21.

Corey L Benedetti JK Critchlow CW Double-blind controlled trial of topical acyclovir in genital herpes simplex virus infections. Acyclovir Symposium. Am J Med 1982;73:326–34.

Kinghorn GR Turner EB Barton IG Efficacy of topical acyclovir cream in first and recurrent episodes of genital herpes. Antiviral Res 1983;3:291–301.

Fiddian AP Kinghorn GR Golmeier D Topical acyclovir in the treatment of genital herpes: A comparison with systemic therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983;12(Suppl 1):67–77.

Thin RN Nabarro JM Parter JD Fiddian AP. Topical acyclovir in the treatment of initial genital herpes. Br J Vener Dis 1983;59:116–19.

Kinghorn GR Abeywickreme I Jeavons M Efficacy of oral treatment with acyclovir and cotrimoxazole in first episode genital herpes. Genitourin Med 1985;61:387–90.

Kinghorn GR Turner EB Barton M Efficacy of topical acyclovir cream in first and recurrent episodes of genital herpes. Antiviral Res 1983;3:291–301.

Mindel A Weller IV Faherty A Sutherland S Fiddian AP Adler MW. Acyclovir in first attacks of genital herpes and prevention of recurrences. Genitourin Med 1986;62:28–32.

Corey L. The current trend in genital herpes: Progress in prevention. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21(Suppl 2):38–44.

Corey L Nahmias AJ Guinan ME A trial of topical acyclovir in genital herpes virus infections. N Engl J Med 1982;306:1313–19.

Reichman RC Badger GJ Mertz GJ Treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex infections with oral acyclovir. JAMA 1984;251:2103–7.

Salo OP Lassus A Hovi T. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral acyclovir in recurrent genital herpes. Eur J Sex Transm Dis 1983;1:95–8.

Goldberg LH Kaufman R Conant MA Oral acyclovir for episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes. J Am Acad Derm 1986;15:256–64.

Luby JP Gnann JW Jr Alexander WJ A collaborative study of patient initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes with topical acyclovir or placebo. J Infect Dis 1984;150:1–6.

Kinghorn GR. Topical acyclovir in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex virus infections. Scand J Infect Dis 1985;47(Suppl):58–62.

Ruhnek-Forsbeck M Sandstrom E Anderson B Treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex infection with oral acyclovir. J Antimicrob Chemother 1985;16:621–8.

Whatley JD Thin RN. Episodic acyclovir therapy to abort recurrent genital herpes simplex attacks. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991;27:677–81.

Douglas JM Critchlow C Benedetti J Double-blind study of oral acyclovir for suppression of recurrences of genital herpes simplex virus infection. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1551–6.

Straus SE Takiff HE Seidin M Suppression of frequently recurring genital herpes. A placebo-controlled double-blind trial of oral acyclovir. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1545–50.

Mindel A Weller IVD Faherty A Sutherland S Hindley D Fiddian AP Adler MW. Prophylactic oral acyclovir in recurrent genital herpes, Lancet 1984;ii:57–9.

Kinghorn GR Jeavons M Rowland M Abeywickreme I Barton IG Potter ICW Hickmott EA. Acyclovir prophylaxis of recurrent genital herpes: A randomised placebo controlled crossover study. Genitourin Med 1985;61:387–90.

Thin RN Jeffries DJ Taylor PK Arya OP Rodin P Yeo J Fiddian AP. Recurrent genital herpes suppressed by oral acyclovir. A multicentre double-blind trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 1985;16:219–26.

Halsos AM Salo OP Lassus A Tjetta EAL Houi T Gabrielsen BO Fiddian AP. Oral acyclovir suppression of recurrent genital herpes: A double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study. Acta Dermato-Venerelogica (Stockholm) 1985;65:59–63.

Mertz GJ Eron L Kaufman R Prolonged continuous versus intermittent oral acyclovir treatment in normal adults with frequently recurring genital herpes simplex virus infection. Am J Med 1988;85:14–19.

Baker DA Blythe JG Kaufman R Hale R Portnoy J. One-year suppression of frequent recurrences of genital herpes with oral acyclovir. Obstet Gynaecol 1989;73:84–7.

Carney O Ross E Ikkos G The effect of suppressive oral acyclovir on the psychological morbidity associated with recurrent genital herpes. Genitourin Med 1993;69:457–9.

Straus SE Seidlin M Takiff HE Effect of oral acyclovir treatment on symptomatic and asymptomatic virus shedding in recurrent genital herpes. Sex Transm Dis 1989;107–13.

Wald A Barnum G Selke G Acyclovir suppresses asymptomatic shedding of HSV-2 in the genital tract (Abstr H5) Presented at the 34th ICAC, 4–7 October 1994.

Bowman CA Woolley PD Herman S Asymptomatic herpes simplex virus shedding from the genital tract whilst on suppressive doses of oral acyclovir. Int J STD AIDS 1990;1:174–7.

Mindel A Faherty A Carney O Patou G Freris M Williams I. Dosage and safety of long term suppressive acyclovir therapy for recurrent genital herpes. Lancet 1988;i:926–8.

Kroon S Petersen CS Andersen LP Renne RJ Vertergaard BF. Long term suppression of severe recurrent genital herpes simplex infections with oral acyclovir: A dose titration study. Genitourin Med 1990;66:101–4.

Goldberg LH Kaufman RH Kurtz TO Continuous 5-year treatment of patients with frequently recurring genital herpes simplex virus infection with acyclovir. J Med Virol 1993;Suppl 1:45–50.

Straus SE Coen KD Sawyer MH Acyclovir suppression of frequently recurring genitalherpes. Efficacy and climinishing need during successive years of treatment. JAMA 1988;260:227–30.

Mindel A. Prophylaxis for genital herpes. Drugs 1991;41:319–25.

Mindel A Carney O. Acyclovir malabsorption. BMJ 1988;296:1605.

Weller S Blum MR Doucette M Pharmacokinetics of the acyclovir prodrug valaciclovir after escalating single and multiple-dose administration to normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;54:595–605.

Smiley L. The International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group. Valaciclovir and acyclovir for the treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections. (Abstr 1210)33rd ICAAC New Orleans 1993.

Boyd MR Safrin S Kern ER. Penciclovir a review of its spectrum of activity, selectivity and cross-resistance pattern. Antiviral Chem Chemother 1993;4(Suppl 1):3–11.

Harnden MR Jarvest RJ Boyd MR Sutton D Hodge RA. Vere Prodrugs of the selective antiherpesvirus agent 9-(4-hydroxyerhoxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-1-yl)guanine (BRL 39123). J Med Chem 1989;32:1738–43.

Sacks SL Varner T MacIntosh M. Clinic-initiated treatment of early, culture-positive (CP), recurrent genital herpes (RGH) with intravenous (IV) penciclovir (PCV; BRL39123) vs placebo (PLB): clinical benefits of rapid-onset antiviral therapy. In Proceedings of the 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 340(Abstract), 1991.

Sacks SL Martel A Aoki F Shafran S St-Pierre C Lassande M. Clinic-initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes using famciclovir: results of a Canadian multicentre study. International Conference on Infectious Disease; Prague 1994;20–26 April (Abstract).

Mertz GJ Loveless MA Kraus SJ Famciclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes. In Proceedings of the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology (abstract), 1994.

Sacks SL Aoki FY Diaz-Mitoma F Patient-initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes with famciclovir: a Canadian multicenter, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. In: Proceedings of the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology (Abstract), 1994.

Sacks SL Bishop AM Fox R A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of the effect of chronically administered oral famciclovir on sperm production in man with recurrent genital herpes infection. Antiviral Res 1994;23(Suppl 1):70.

McLaran C Corey L Dekker C Barry DW. In vitro sensitivity to acyclovir in genital herpes simplex virus from acyclovir treated patients. J Inf Dis 1983;148:868–75.

Straus SE Takiff HE Seidin M Suppression of frequently recurring genital herpes: A placebo controlled double blind trial of oral acyclovir. N Engl J Med 1984;316:1545–50.

Coen DM Schaffer PA. Two distinct loci confer resistance to acycloguanosine in herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;77:2265–9.

Field HJ Darby G . Pathogenicity in mice of strains of herpes simplex virus which are resistant to acyclovir in vitro and in vivo . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980;17:209–16.

Schnipper LE Crumpacker CS. Resistance of herpes simplex virus to acycloguanosine: Role of viral thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:2270–3.

Siegel FP Lopez C Hammer GS Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med 1981;305:1439–44.

Erlich KS Mills J Chatis P Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989;320:293–6.

Kost RG Hill EL Tigges M Straus SE. Brief report: Recurrent acyclovir-resistant genital herpes in an immunocompetent patient. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1777–82.

Engel JP Englund JA Fletcher CV Hill EL. Treatment of resistant herpes simplex virus with continuous-infusion acyclovir. JAMA 1990;263:1662–4.

Murphy M Morley A Eglin RP Monteira E. Topical trifluridine for mucocutaneous acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex II in AIDS patient. Lancet 1992;340:1040.

Safrin S Schacker T Delehanty J Hill E Corey L. Topical treatment of infection with acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus with the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor 348U87 in combination with acyclovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:975–9.

Chatis PA Miller CH Schrager LE Crumpacker CS. Successful treatment with foscarnet of an acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous infection with herpes simplex virus in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1982;320:297–300.

Safrin S Crumpacker C Chatis P A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;325:551–5.

Snoeck R Andrei G Gerard M Successful treatment of progressive mucocutaneous infection due to acyclovir and foscarnet-resistant herpes simplex virus with (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxy-propyl)cytosine (HPMPC). Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:570–8.

Burke RL. Contemporary approaches to vaccination against HSV. In: Rouse BT , ed. Herpes simplex virus, pathogenesis, immunobiology and control. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992;:137–58.

Kern AB Schiff BL. Vaccine therapy in recurrent herpes simplex. Arch Dermatol 1964;89:844–5.

Kutinova L Benda R Klos Z Placebo-controlled study with subunit herpes simplex virus vaccine in subjects suffering frequent herpetic recurrence. Vaccine 1988;6:223–8.

Mertz GJ Ashley R Burke RL Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein vaccine in persons at high risk for a genital herpes infection. J Infect Dis 1990;161:653–60.

Kavaklova L Dundarov S Andonor P Preparation and efficacy of anti-herpes type 1 and 2 subunit vaccines. Acta Virol 1986;30:402–10.

Skinner GRB Fink CG Cowan M Follow up on 50 subjects vaccinated against herpes genitalis with Skinner vaccine. J Gen Virol 1987;176:161–8.

Stanberry LR Burke RL Myers MG. Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein treatment of recurrent genital herpes. J Infect Dis 1988;157:156–63.

Straus SE Corey L Burke LR Placebo-controlled trial of vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 for immunotherapy of genital herpes. Lancet 1994;i:1459–63.