African Sleeping Sickness: An Historical Review

Manson P . Tropical diseases: A manual of the diseases of warm climates. London: Cassell & Co, 1898.

Hoeppli R . Parasitic diseases in Africa and the western hemisphere. Basel: Acta Tropica, 1969, (suppl 10).

Atkins J . Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West-Indies: In His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth. London: Ward & Chandler.

Winterbottom T. An Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone to Which is Added an Account of the Present State of Medicine Among Them. London: Hatchard & Mawman, 1803.

Lyons M . The colonial disease: Sleeping sickness in the social history of northern Zaire, 1903–1930. Ph.D thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1987.

Leishman WB . On the possibility of trypanosomiasis in India. BMJ 1903; ii: 1252–4.

Carlson D. African fever: A study in British science, technology and politics in West Africa 1787–1864. Canton, Massachusetts. Science History Publications, 1984.

Bradley DJ . Tropical medicine. In Walton J Bason PB , The Oxford companion to medicine, vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986: 1393–9.

Balfour A Van Campenhout E Martin E Bagshawe AG . Interim report on tuberculosis and sleeping sickness in equatorial Africa. Geneva: League of Nations, Health Organization, 26 May 1923.

Kolata G . Scrutinizing sleeping sickness. Science 1984; 226: 956–9.

Louis R Stengers J . Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.

Morris KRS . The movement of sleeping sickness across Central Africa. J Trop Med Hyg 1963; 66: 159–76.

Ford J . The role of the trypansomiases in African ecology: A study of the tsetse fly problem. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.

Burke J . Historique de la lutte contre la maladie du sommeil au Congo. Ann Soc Belg de Med Trop 1971; 51: 65–482.

Kjekshus H . Ecology control and economic development in East African history: The case of Tanganyika, 1850–1950. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977.

Soff HG . A history of sleeping sickness in Uganda: Administrative response 1900–1970. Ph.D. Thesis, Syracuse University, 1971.

Duggan AJ . An historical perspective. In: Mulligan HW , ed. The African trypanosomiases. London: Wiley, 1970.

Lyons M . 1985. From ‘Death Camps' to cordon sanitaire: The development of sleeping sickness policy in the Uele District of the Belgian Congo, 1903–1914. J Afr Hist 1985; 26: 69–91.

Jamot E . 1920. Essai de prophylaxie médicale de la maladie du sommeil dans l'Oubangui-Chari. Bull Soc Pathol Exotique et de ses Fílales 1920; 13: 340–376.

Williamson J . Review of chemotherapeutic and chemo-prophylactic agents. In: Mulligan HW , ed. The African trypanosomiases. London, Allen & Unwin, 1970: 125–222.

Mulligan HW . The African trypanosomiases. London, Allen & Unwin, 1970.

World Health Organization. African trypanosomiases. In: Tropical Disease Research, Seventh Programme Report. Geneva: WHO, 1985.

Interview. 16 August 1990, Jinja, Uganda. Dr Dawson Mbulyaberi, Director, National Sleeping Sickness Control Programme, Uganda.

Boothroyd JC . Antigenic variation in African trypanosomiasis. Ann Rev Microbial 1985; 39: 475–502.

Behrman JN . Tropical diseases: Responses of pharmaceutic companies. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1980.

Domergue D . La lutte contre la trypanosomiase en Côte d'Ivoire, 1900–1945. J Afr Hist 1981; 22: 63–72.

Eyidi MB . Le Vainquer de la Maladie du Sommeil: Le Docteur Eugène Jamot (1879–1937) Paris: Eyidi, 1950.

Goodwin LG . Chemotherapy and tropical disease: The problem and the challenge. In: Hooper M , ed. Chemotherapy of tropical diseases, Chichester: 1987: 1–18.

Hall DR Beevor PS Cork A Nesbitt BF Vale GA . A potent olfactory stimulant and attractant for tsetse isolated from cattle odours. Insect Science and Its Application 1984; 5: 335–9.

Jordan AM . Trypanosomiasis control and African rural development. London: Longman, 1986.

Lambrecht F . Aspects of evolution and ecology of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis in prehistoric African environment. J Afr Hist 1964; 5: 1–23.

Lyons M . Sleeping sickness epidemics and public health in the Belgian Congo. In: Arnold D , Imperial medicine and indigenous societies. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988.

Lyons M . Sleeping sickness, colonial medicine and imperialism: Some connections in the Belgian Congo. In Macleod RM Lewis M , eds. Disease, medicine and empire, London: Routledge Chapman & Hall, 1989: 242–56.

McKelvey JM . Man against tsetse: Struggle for Africa. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973.

McNeill W . Plagues and people. Oxford: Doubleday, 1977.

Matzke GE . Sleeping sickness control strategies in Tanzania. In: Akhtar R , ed. Health and disease in tropical Africa: Geographical and medical viewpoints. London: Harwood Academic, 1988: 359–72.

Maurice GK . The history of sleeping sickness in the Sudan. JR Army Medical Corps 1930; 55: 161–241.

Molyneux DH Ashford RW . The biology of Trypanosoma and Leishmania, parasites of manand domestic animals. London: Taylor & Francis, 1983.

Musambachirne M . The social and economic effects of sleeping sickness in Mweru-Luapula, 1906–1922. Afr Economic Hist 1981; 10: 151–73.

Ruppol JF Libala K . Situation actuelle de la lutte contre la maladie du sommeil au Zaire. Ann Soc Belg Med Trap 1977 57: 299–314.

World Health Organization. Trypanosomiasis control manual. Geneva: WHO, 1986.