Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Current Approaches and Ideas

Weström L. Long-term consequences of pelvic inflammatory disease. In: Hare MJ , ed. Genital tract infection in women Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1988:350–67

Chaparro MV Ghosh S Nashed A Poliak A. Laparoscopy for the confirmation and prognostic evaluation of pelvic inflammatory disease. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1978; 15: 307–9

Jacobson L Weström L. Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 105: 1088–98

Paavonen J Aine R Teisala K Heinonen PK Punnonen R. Comparison of endometrial biopsy and peritoneal fluid cytologic testing with laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151: 645–50

Brunham R. C. Binns B. Guijon F . Etiology and outcome of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 510–17

Adducci JE . Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease with abscess formation. Int Surg 1981; 66: 359–60

Wølner-Hanssen P Svensson L Mårdh P-A Weström L. Laparoscopic findings and contraceptive use in women with signs and symptoms suggestive of acute salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 233–8

Robinson JA Burch BH . An assessment of the value of the menstrual cycle in differentiating acute appendicitis from pelvic inflammatory disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984; 159: 149–52

Jess P Bjerregaard B Brynitz S Holst-Christensen J Kalaja E Lund-Kristensen J. Acute appendicitis, prospective trial concerning diagnostic accuracy and complications. Am J Surg 1981; 141: 232–4

Gilmore OJA Brodribb AJM Browett JP . Appendicitis and mimicking conditions. Lancet 1975; ii: 421–4

Lundberg WI Wall JE Mathers JE . Laparoscopy in evaluation of pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol 1973; 42: 872–6

Murphy A Fliegner J. Diagnostic laparoscopy. Role in management of acute pelvic pain. Med J Ausl 1981; 1: 571–3

Hager WD Eschenbach DA Spence MR Sweet RL . Criteria for diagnosis and grading of salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 61: 113–14

Chamberlain GVP Brown JA Carron , eds. Gynaecological laparoscopy: report of the confidential enquiry into gynaecological laparoscopy. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1978

Paavonen J Aine R Teisala K Heinonen PK Punnonen R. Comparison of endometrial biopsy and peritoneal fluid cytologic testing with laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151: 645–50

Paavonen J Kiviat N Brunham RC . Prevalence and Manifestations of Endometritis among women with cervicitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 152: 280–6

Cunningham FG Hauth JC Gilstrap LC Herbert WNP Kappus SS . The bacterial pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1978; 52: 161–4

Hemilä M Henriksson L Ylikorkala O. Serum CRP in the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1987; 241: 177–82

Paavonen J Miettinen A Heinonen PK . Serum Ca 125 to acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 574–9

Eschenbach D Buchanan TM Pollock HM . Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 166–71

Warren RE . The normal flora of the vagina. In: Hare MJ , ed. Genital tract infection in women. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1988:26–58

Mårdh P-A Weström L. Tubal and cervical cultures in acute salpingitis. Br J Vener Dis 1970; 46: 179–86

Mårdh P-A Ripa T Svensson L Weström L. Chlamydia trachomitis infection in patients with acute salpingitis. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1377–9

Chow AW Malkasian KL Marshall JR Guze LB . The bacteriology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 122: 876–9

Sweet RL Mills J Hadley KW . Use of laparoscopy to determine the microbiologic etiology of acute salpingitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 134: 68–74

Heinonen PK Teisala K Punnonen R Mettinen A Lehtinen M Paavonen J. Anatomic sites of upper genital tract infection. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 384–90

Mårdh P-A Weström L. Antibodies to Mycoplasma hominis in patients with genital infections and in healthy controls. Br J Vener Dis 1970; 46: 390–7

Paavonen J Valtonen VV Kasper DL Malkamaki M Makela PK . Seriological evidence for the role of Bacteroides fragilis and Enterobacteriaceae in the pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Lancet 1981; i: 293–5

Treharne JD Ripa KT Mårdh P-A Svensson L Weström L Darougar S. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis. Br J Vener Dis 1979; 55: 26–9

Gilstrap LC Herbert WNP Cunningham FG Hauth JC Van Patten HG . Gonorrhoea screening in male consorts of women with pelvic infection. JAMA 1977; 238: 965–6

Osser S Persson K. Epidemiologic and serodiagnostic aspects of chlamydial salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 206–9

P-A Mårdh . An overview of infectious agents of salpingitis, their biology and recent advances in methods of detection. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1980; 138: 933–51

Curtis AH . Bacteriology and pathology of fallopian tubes removed at operation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1921; 33: 621–31

Carney FE Taylor-Robinson D. Growth and effect of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in organ cultures. Br J Vener Dis 1973; 49: 435–40

Simpson DM Davies OP . Properties of a gonococcal inhibitor produced by Eschericia coli . J Gen Microbiol 1979; 115: 471–7

Svensson L Weström L Ripa RT , Mårdh P-A. Differences in some clinical and laboratory parameters in acute salpingitis related to culture and serologic findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 1017–21

Cromer BA Heald FP . Pelvic inflammatory disease associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis . Sex Transm Dis 1987; 14: 125–9

Hutchinson GR Taylor-Robinson D Dourmaskin RR . Growth and effect of chlamydiae in human and bovic oviduct cultures. Br J Vener Dis 1979; 55: 194–202

Henry-Suchet J Catalan F Loffredo V . Microbiology of specimens obtained by laparoscopy from controls and from patients with pelvic inflammatory disease or infertility with tubal obstruction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 139: 1022–7

Cevenini R Possati G La Placa M. C. trachomatis infection in infertile women. In: Mårdh P-A Holmes KK Oriel JD Piot P Schachter J , eds. Chlamydial infections. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical, 1982:189–92

Gump DW Gibson M Ashikaga T. Infertile women and C. trachomatis infection. In: Mårdh P-A Holmes KK Oriel JD Piot P Schachter J , eds. Chlamydial infections. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical, 1982:193–6

Punnonen R Terho P Nikkanen V Meurman O. Chlamydial serology in infertile women by immunofluorescence. Fertil Steril 1979; 31: 656–9

Fedele L Acaia B Ricciardiello O Marchini M Benzi-Cipelli R. Recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the endometria of women with unexplained infertility. J Reprod Med 1989; 34: 393–6

Patton DL Moore DE Spadoni LR Soules MR Halbert SA , Wong S-P. A comparison of the fallopian tubes' response to overt and silent salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 622–30

Walters MD Eddy CA Gibbs RS Schachter J Holden AEC Pauerstein CJ . Antibodies to C. trachomatis and risk from tubal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 942–6

Brunham RC Binns B Guijon F . Etiology and outcome of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 510–17

Paavonen J Lehtinen M Teisala K . Haemophilis influenzae causes purulent salpingitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 151: 338–9

Thadepalli H Gorbach SL Keith L. Anaerobic infections of the female genital tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 117: 1034–40

Hare MJ Barnes CFG . Fallopian Tube organ culture in the investigation of bacteroides as a cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. In: Phillips I Collier J , eds. Metronidazole. London: Royal Society of Medicine 1979:191–7

Eilard T Brorsson J-E Hamark B Fotssman L. Isolation of chlamydia in acute salpingitis. Scand J Infect Dis 1976; Suppl. 9:82–4

Thompson SE Hager WD Wong K-H . The microbiology and therapy of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 136: 179–86

Monif GRG Welkos SL Baer H Thompson RJ . Cul-de-sac isolates from patients with endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis and gonococcal endocervicitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 126: 158–61

Eschenbach DA Hillier S Critchlow C Stevens C De Rouen T Holmes KK . Diagnosis and clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 819–28

Spiegel CA Amsel R Eschenbach D Schoenknecht F Holmes KK . Anaerobic bacteria in non-specific vaginitis. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 601–7

Bell TA James JF . Computer assisted analysis of the therapy of acute salpingitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 1048–54

Goldman R. Herpetic inclusions in the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol 1970; 36: 603–5

Schneider V Behm FG Mumaw VR . Ascending herpetic endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 259–62

Paavonen J Teisala K Heinonen PK . Endometritis and acute salpingitis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type two. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 65: 288–91

Barski G Comefert F Wallace RE . Response of ciliated epithelia of different histological origin to virus infection in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1959; 100: 407–11

Gremillion DH Galbraith M. Pelvic actinomycosis. In: Keith LG Berger GS Edelman DA . eds. Infections in reproductive health, vol. 2. Uncommon infections and special topics. Lancaster: MTP Press 1985:35–43

Pine L Malcolm GB Curtis EM . Demonstration of Actinomyces and Arachina species in cervicovaginal smears. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13: 15–20

Persson E Holmberg K. A longitudinal study of Actinomyces israelii in the female genital tract. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984; 63: 207

Falk V Ludviksson K Agren K. Genital tuberculosis in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 974–7

Nogales-Ortiz F Tarancos I Nogales F. The pathology of female genital tuberculosis. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53: 422–8

Spirtos NJ Bernstine RL Crawford WL Fayle J. Sonography in acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Reprod Med 1982; 27: 312–20

Timar-Tritsch IE Rotten S. Transvaginal ultrasonographic study of the fallopian tube. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 424–8

Teisala K Heinonen PK Punnonen R. Transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic abscess. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 97: 178–80

Falk V. Treatment of acute non-tuberculous salpingitis with antibiotics alone and in combination with glucocorticoids. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1965; 44,suppl 6: 1–130