Serological Perspectives on Hepatitis B and D

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Szmuness W Much I Prince AM On the role of sexual behaviour in the spread of hepatitis B infection. Ann Intern Med 1975;83:489–95.

Schreeder MT Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in gay men. J Homosex 1980;5:307–10.

Tedder RS Contrasting patterns and frequency of antibodies to the surface, core and e antigens of hepatitis B virus in blood donors and in homosexual patients. J Med Virol 1980;6:323–32.

Kaklamani E Hepatitis B serology in Greek prostitutes: Significance of the different serum markers. J Hyg (Lond) 1980;84:257–61.

Shattock AG Finlay H Hillary IB. Possible reactivation of hepatitis D with chronic delta antigenaemia by human immunodeficiency virus. BMJ 1987;294:1656–7.

Blumberg BS Alter HJ Visnick S. A new antigen in leukaemia sera. JAMA 1965;191:101.

Prince AM. An antigen detected in the blood during the incubation period of serum hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1968;60:814–21.

Dane DS Cameron CH Briggs M. Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen associated hepatitis. Lancet 1970;i:695.

Almeida JD Rubenstein D Stott EJ. New antigen-antibody system in Australia-antigen positive hepatitis. Lancet 1971;ii:1225–7.

Magnius LO Espmark A. Brief report: A new antigen complex co-occurring with Australia antigen. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1972;80B:335–7.

Tiollais P Buendia MA Brechot C Structure, genetic organisation and transcription of Hepadna viruses. In: Zuckerman AJ , ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease at the Barbican Centre, London, May 1987). New York: Alan R Liss, 1988;295–300.

Sherlock S. Virus hepatitis. In: Diseases of the liver and biliary system, 6th edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1981;244–69.

Delaplane D Fatal hepatitis B in early infancy: The importance of identifying HBsAg positive pregnant women and providing immunoprophylaxis to their newborns. Pediatrics 1983;72:176–80.

Shattock AG Irwin F Morgan BM Increased severity and morbidity of acute hepatitis in drug abusers with simultaneously acquired hepatitis B and hepatitis D infections. BMJ 1985;290:1377–80.

Takahashi K Akahane Y Gotanda T Demonstration of hepatitis B e antigen in the core of Dane particles. J Immunol 1979;122:275–9.

Aldershville J Frosner GG Nielsen JO And the Copenhagen Hepatitis Acuta Programme. Hepatitis B e antigen and antibody measured by radioimmunoassay in acute hepatitis B surface antigen positive patients. J Infect Dis 1980;141:293–8.

Miyakawa Y Mayumi M. Characterisation and clinical significance of HBeAg. In: Vyas GN Cohen SN Schmid R , eds. Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press, 1978:193–201.

Carmen WF Hadziyannis S McGarvey MJ Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet 1989;ii:588–91.

Hoofnagle JH Dusheiko GM Seef LB Seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to antibody in chronic type B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:744–8.

Perillo RP Chau KH Overby L Anti-hepatitis B core immunoglobulin M in the serologic evaluation of hepatitis B virus infection and simultaneous infection with type B, delta agent and non-A, non-B viruses. Gastroenterology 1983;85:163–7.

Kuijpers L Koens M Jacobs A Boon P Matthyssen L. Pre-S1 and Pre-S2-specific HBsAg and Anti-HBs sandwich micro-ELISAs developed with synthetic peptides. In: Zuvckerman AJ , ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 1988:280–3.

Kurai K lino S Koike K Pre-S(2) antigen in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A new marker for HBV replication. In: Zuckerman AJ , ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 1988:284–6.

Wollersheim M Hofschneider PH. Transactivation by a product of the X gene of hepatitis B virus. In: Zuckerman AJ , ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver disease). New York: Alan R Liss, 1988:334–40.

Hadler SC Effect of timing of hepatitis B vaccine doses on response to vaccine in Yucpa Indians. Vaccine 1989;7:106–10.

Hadler SC Delta virus infection and severe hepatitis. An epidemic in the Yucpa Indians of Venezuela. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:339–44.

Rizzetto M Ponzetto A Bonino F Smedile A. Hepatitis delta virus infection: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. In: Zuckerman AJ , ed. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. New York: Alan R Liss, 1988:389–94.

Wang KS Choo QL Weiner AJ Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta viral genome. Nature 1986;323:508–14.

Smedile A Rizzetto M Denniston K Type D hepatitis: The clinical significance of hepatitis D virus RNA in serum as detected by a hybridisation-based assay. Hematology 1986;6:1297–302.

Shattock AG Morris M Kinane K Fagan C. The serology of delta hepatitis and the detection of IgM anti-HD by EIA using serum derived delta antigen. Virol Methods 1989;23:233–40.