This study aims to investigate the factors shaping resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic among people living with HIV (PLWH).
Methods
A total of 341 participants were included in this cross-sectional study. The online survey included scales of resilience, depression & anxiety, loneliness, social support, COVID-19 fear, stress, and sociodemographic information.
Results
Logistic regression test results showed loneliness (OR = 2.548, 95% CI = 1.251, 5.189), social support (OR = 2.217, 95% CI = 1.148, 4.279), income (OR = 2.581, 95% CI = 1.217, 5.472), sexual orientation (OR = 2.707, 95% CI = 1.004, 7.300), age (OR = 1.044, 95% CI = 1.006, 1.083) and COVID-19 fear (OR = 0.891, 95% CI = 0.840, 0.944) were statistically significant factors associated with resilience among PLWH.
Conclusion
In conclusion, reducing COVID-19 fear by providing the correct information about the COVID-19 pandemic, fortifying the level of social support satisfaction, as well as minimising the level of loneliness have the potential to improve psychological resilience among PLWH.
AllenRSDormanHRHenkinH, et al.Definition of Resilience. In: Resilience in Aging: Concepts, Research, and Outcomes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 1–15.
2.
BabićRBabićMRastovićP, et al.Resilience in health and illness. Psychiat Danubi2020; 32(Suppl 2): 226–232.
3.
OsórioCProbertTJonesE, et al.Adapting to stress: understanding the neurobiology of resilience. Behav Med2017; 43(4): 307–322.
4.
DivyaRNRajmohanVRaghuramTM. Lifestyle and psychosocial stress during COVID-19 lockdown - an online survey. Kerala J Psychiat2020; 33(1): 5–15.
5.
BrooksSKWebsterRKSmithLE, et al.The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet2020; 395(10227): 912–920.
6.
BlancoJLAmbrosioniJGarciaF, et al.COVIS-19 in patients with HIV: clinical case series. Lancet HIV2020; 7(5): 316.
7.
RanLWangWAiM, et al.Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to COVID-19: a study of the general population in china at the peak of its epidemic. Soc Sci & Med1982; 262: 113261.
8.
ZhangJYangZWangX, et al.The relationship between resilience, anxiety and depression among patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19 in China: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs2020; 29: 4020–4029.
9.
FletcherFESherwoodNRRiceWS, et al.Resilience and HIV treatment outcomes among women living with HIV in the united states: a mixed-methods analysis. AIDS Patient Care STDS2020; 34(8): 356–366.
10.
Diaz-MartinezJTamargoJADelgado-EncisoI, et al.Resilience, anxiety, stress, and substance use patterns during covid-19 pandemic in the miami adult studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. AIDS Behav2021; 25(11): 3658–3668.
11.
BallivianJAlcaideMLCecchiniD, et al.Impact of COVID-19-related stress and lockdown on mental health among people living with hiv in argentina. J Acquir Immune Defici Syndro (1999)2020; 85(4): 475–482.
12.
GottertAMcClairTLPulerwitzJ, et al.What shapes resilience among people living with hiv? a multi-country analysis of data from the PLHIV Stigma Index 2.0. AIDS2020; 34(1): 31.
13.
ParkERLubertoCMChad-FriedmanE, et al.A comprehensive resiliency framework: theoretical model, treatment, and evaluation. Global Adv Health Med2021; 10: 216495612110003–21649561211000306.
14.
TedeschiRGCalhounLG. The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Traum Stress1996; 9(3): 455–471.
15.
DulinAJDaleSKEarnshawVA, et al.Resilience and HIV: a review of the definition and study of resilience. AIDS Care2018; 30(sup5): 17.
16.
BakioğluFKorkmazOErcanH. Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. Int J Mental Health Addic2020; 19(6): 2369–2382.
17.
AhorsuDKLinC-YImaniV, et al.The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Mental Health Addic2020; 1-9: 1–9.
18.
ErciB. Algılanan stres olçeğinin türkçe versiyonunun güvenilirlik ve geçerliği. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi2010; 1(9): 58–63.
19.
CohenSKamarckTMermelsteinR. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav1983; 24(4): 385–396.
20.
DemirciİEkşiH. Don't bother your pretty little head otherwise you can’t enjoy life. Istanbul: ERPA International Congresses on Education, 2018.
21.
KroenkeKSpitzerRLWilliamsJB, et al.An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ–4. Psychosomatics2009; 50(6): 613–621.
22.
DoğanT. Adaptation of the brief resilience scale into turkish: a validity and reliability study. J Happin & Well-Being2015; 3(1): 93–102.
23.
SmithBWDalenJWigginsK, et al.The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med2008; 15(3): 194–200.
24.
BerkoJMazonsonPLooT, et al.Factors associated with resilience among older people living with HIV. AIDS Behav2022; 26(5): 1448–1455.
25.
LogieCHLacombe-DuncanAWangY, et al.Sexual Orientation differences in health and wellbeing among women living with HIV in Canada: findings from a national cohort study. AIDS Behav2018; 22(6): 1987–2001.
26.
HalkitisPNKrauseKDVieiraDL. Mental health, psychosocial challenges and resilience in older adults living with HIV. Int Top Gerontolo Geriatri2017; 42: 187–203.
27.
HalkitisPN. The AIDS generation: stories of survival and resilience. New York, Ny: Oxford University Press, 2014.
28.
JonesDLBallivianJRodriguezVJ, et al.Mental health, coping, and social support among people living with hiv in the americas: a comparative study between argentina and the USA during the sars-COV-2 pandemic. AIDS Behav2021; 25(8): 2391–2399.
29.
WenJYehTPXieH, et al.Resilience, self-esteem, self-efficacy, social support, depression and art adherence among people living with HIV in Sichuan, China. AIDS Care2021; 33(11): 1414–1421.
30.
BrownMJTraskJSZhangJ, et al.Sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of resilience among older adults living with HIV in the deep south. J Health Psychol2021; 26(11): 2010–2019.
31.
HussenSAHarperGWRodgersCRR, et al.Cognitive and behavioral resilience among young gay and bisexual men living with HIV. LGBT Health2017; 4(4): 275–282.
32.
BaldwinRdi MauroBW. Economics in the Time of Covid-19. London: CEPR Press, 2020.
33.
WitteveenDVelthorstE. Economic hardship and mental health complaints during COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2020; 117(44): 27277–27284.
34.
ÇakmaklıCDemiralpSYeşiltaşS, et al.An Evaluation of the Turkish Economy during COVID-19. Berlin: Centre for Applied Turkey Studies (CATS), 2021.
TaylorMGCarrDCJasonK, et al.Financial hardship and psychological resilience during COVID-19: differences by race/ethnicity. J Gerontolo: Series B2021; 77(7): e117–e122.
37.
FriedmanMRKempfMCBenningL, et al.Prevalence of COVID-19–related social disruptions and effects on psychosocial health in a mixed-serostatus cohort of men and women. JAIDS J Acqu Immune Defici Syndro2021; 88(5): 426–438.
38.
KoffmanJGrossJEtkindSN, et al.Uncertainty and COVID-19: How are we to respond?J Royal Soc Med2020; 113(6): 211–216.
39.
Al-RahimiJSNassNMHassoubahSA, et al.Levels and predictors of fear and health anxiety during the current outbreak of covid-19 in immunocompromised and chronic disease patients in saudi arabia: a cross-sectional correlational study. PLoS ONE2021; 16(4): 0250554.
40.
Ballester-ArnalRGil-LlarioMD. The virus that changed spain: impact of covid-19 on people with HIV. AIDS Behav2020; 24(8): 2253–2257.
41.
BagcchiS. Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Infect Dis2020; 20(7): 782.
42.
BermanMEatonLWatsonR, et al.Social distancing to mitigate covid-19 risks is associated with covid-19 discriminatory attitudes among people living with HIV. Ann Behav Med2021; 54(10): 728–737.
43.
NitpolprasertCAnandTPhanuphakN, et al.A qualitative study of the impact of coronavirus disease (covid-19) on psychological and financial wellbeing and engagement in care among men who have sex with men living with hiv in thailand. HIV Med2022; 23(3): 227–236.
44.
EnginC. LGBT in Turkey: policies and experience. Soc Sci2015; 4: 838–858.
MarzialiMECardKGMcLindenT, et al.Physical distancing in COVID-19 may exacerbate experiences of social isolation among people living with HIV. AIDS Behav2020; 24(8): 2250–2252.
47.
JakobsenISMadsenLMRMauM, et al.The relationship between resilience and loneliness elucidated by a danish version of the resilience scale for adults. BMC Psychol2020; 8(1): 131.
48.
GuaraldiGMilicJBarbieriS, et al.Resilience and frailty in people living with hiv during the covid era: two complementary constructs associated with health-related quality of life. J Acqu Immune Defici Syndro2022; 89(S1): 72.
