Background: Key populations have a disproportionate burden of HIV compared with the general population. HIV-related stigma has been recognized as a major barrier to HIV prevention and treatment efforts. It remains unclear whether HIV-related stigma is a significant driver of HIV transmission risk behavior among boda boda (motorcycle taxi) riders, a key population in Uganda. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among boda boda motorcyclists in Mbarara Municipality of southwestern Uganda. Using multistage sampling, we recruited participants aged 18–59 years who had been riding for at least 6 months. The primary explanatory variable of interest was HIV-related stigma, measured using the 7-item STRIVE scale and dichotomized at “no stigma” versus “any stigma.” Self-reported HIV transmission risk behaviors included: condomless sexual intercourse, sexual intercourse under the influence of alcohol, having non-primary sexual partners, and sexual intercourse with a commercial sex worker. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the association between HIV-related stigma and HIV transmission risk behavior. Results: We enrolled 401 boda boda motorcyclists. All were men. Most [330 (82%)] were classified as having HIV-related stigma, particularly among younger men aged 18–29 years. One hundred and thirty-two (34%) participants reported their last sexual encounter was with a non-primary partner, 153 (39%) did not know the serostatus of their last sexual partner, and 138 (36%) reported sexual intercourse with a sex worker in the past 6 months. In multivariable logistic regression, HIV-related stigma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.06–3.34) had a statistically significant association with any HIV transmission risk behavior. Men who reported either minimal alcohol use (aOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.07–2.95) or harmful alcohol use (aOR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.92–6.54), compared with men who reported no alcohol use, also reported greater odds of HIV transmission risk behavior. Conclusions: HIV transmission risk behavior is common among boda boda motorcyclists in the municipality and is associated with both HIV-related stigma and alcohol use. Interventions aimed at reducing HIV-related stigma and alcohol use may potentially reduce the high rates of HIV transmission risk behavior in this key population.
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