Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes almost 5% of all cancers worldwide including cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancers, vulval cancer, penile cancer and anal cancer. HPV-associated anal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare occurrence in the general population; however, the incidence is increasing. Certain groups including people living with HIV are disproportionately affected. In this case series, we report baseline demographics, clinical characteristics and outcome of anal cancer cases presenting in people living with HIV over a ten-year period (2006–2015).
HowladerNNooneAMKrapchoM, et al.National Cancer Institute: Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2014. Bethesda, https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/ (accessed 16 September 2019).
2.
SilverbergMJLauBJusticeAC, et al.
Risk of anal cancer in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals in North America. Clin Infect Dis2012;
54: 1026–1034.
3.
MachalekDPoyntenMJinF, et al.
Anal human papillomavirus infection and associated neoplastic lesions in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol2012;
13: 487–500.
4.
de MartelCPlummerMVignatJ, et al.
Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer2017;
141: 664–670.
5.
BertischBFrancheschiSLiseM, et al.
Risk factors for anal cancer in persons infected with HIV: a nested case-control study in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol2013;
178: 877–884.
6.
DalingJRMadeleineMMJohnsonLG, et al.
Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer2004;
101: 270–280.
7.
GuiguetMBouéFCadranelJ, et al.
Effect of immunodeficiency, HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy on the risk of individual malignancies (FHDH-ANRS CO4): a prospective cohort study. Clinical Epidemiology Group of the FHDH-ANRS CO4 cohort. Lancet Oncol2009;
10: 1152–1159.
8.
Crum-CianfloneNFHullsiekKHMarconiVC, et al.
Anal cancers among HIV-infected persons: HAART is not slowing rising incidence. AIDS2010;
24: 535–543.
9.
CrawshawBPRussAJSteinSL, et al.
High-resolution anoscopy or expectant management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia for the prevention of anal cancer: is there really a difference?Dis Col Rectum2015;
58: 53–59.
10.
New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. HIV clinical resource: anal dysplasia and cancer.
New York:
New York State Department of Health, 2007.
11.
ReadTRHHusonKLMillarJ, et al.
Size of anal squamous cell carcinomas at diagnosis: a retrospective case series. Int J STD AIDS2013;
24: 879–882.
12.
BryantAKHuynh-LeMSimpsonDR, et al.
Association of HIV status with outcomes of anal squamous cell carcinoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. JAMA Oncol2018;
4: 120–122.
13.
KjaerSKNygårdMDillnerJ, et al.
A 12-year follow-up on the long-term effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in 4 Nordic countries. Clin Infect Dis2018;
66: 339–345.
14.
WilkinTLeeJYLensingSY, et al.
Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. J Infect Dis2010;
202: 1246–1253.
