Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative disease that can vary from low-grade to aggressive and lethal multicentric vascular lesions, which can involve various locations, commonly mucocutaneous, lymph nodes, and visceral organs. It can also involve unusual sites such as the eye, central or peripheral nervous system, larynx, and many other anatomical sites. We describe three cases of ocular KS, which resolved completely following different treatment modalities. All three cases were known HIV-positive individuals with low CD4 cell counts. Case 1 received pegylated doxorubicin, case 2 received local radiotherapy, and case 3 received only highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). All three cases responded well to their respective therapy. Ocular KS is generally responsive to treatment. Initiation of HAART can achieve a remarkable response. In large or resistant cases, other treatment modalities can be considered to achieve resolution of lesions.
TeixeiraAINenoMBaduraRet al.Kaposi sarcoma of the eyelid as an initial manifestation of AIDS. Dermatol Online J2016;
22(7): 12.
7.
MaiaSGomesMOliveiraLet al.
Isolated bulbar conjunctival Kaposi’s sarcoma as a primary presentation of AIDS: a case report. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med2013;
2013: 469195.
8.
Izquierdo RodriguezCCordovaJM.Conjunctival Kaposi’s sarcoma as the initial manifestation of acquired inmunodeficiency syndrome. Nepal J Ophthalmol2013;
5: 265–267.
9.
VermaVShenDSievingPCet al.
The role of infectious agents in the etiology of ocular adnexal neoplasia. Surv Ophthalmol2008;
53: 312–331.
10.
ChangYCesarmanEPessinMSet al.
Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science1994;
266: 1865–1869.
11.
RosadoFGItaniDMCoffinCMet al.
Utility of immunohistochemical staining with FLI1, D2-40, CD31, and CD34 in the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related and non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med2012;
136: 301–304.
12.
FukumotoHKannoTHasegawaHet al.
Pathology of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection. Front Microbiol2011;
2: 175.
13.
ChraibiFBenatiyaIA.Kaposi sarcoma of the eyelid. Pan Afr Med J2018;
29: 182–108.
14.
Abalo-LojoJMAbdulkader-NallibIPerezLMet al.
Eyelid Kaposi sarcoma in an HIV-negative patient. Indian J Ophthalmol2018;
66: 854–855.
15.
ReiserBJMokAKukesGet al.
Non-AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma involving the tarsal conjunctiva and eyelid margin. Arch Ophthalmol2007;
125: 838–840.
16.
RonIGKremerILowensteinAet al.
Conjunctival involvement in classic (indolent) HIV negative Kaposi’s sarcoma. Br J Ophthalmol1994;
78: 488–489.
17.
Le BourgeoisJPFrikhaHPiedboisPet al.
Radiotherapy in the management of epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma of the oral cavity, the eyelid and the genitals. Radiother Oncol1994;
30: 263–266.
18.
GhabrialRQuiveyJMDunnJPJret al.
Radiation therapy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi’s sarcoma of the eyelids and conjunctiva. Arch Ophthalmol1992;
110: 1423–1426.
HummerJGassJDHuangAJ.Conjunctival Kaposi’s sarcoma treated with interferon alpha-2a. Am J Ophthalmol1993;
116: 502–503.
21.
UdhrainASkubitzKMNorthfeltDW.Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Int J Nanomed2007;
2: 345–352.
22.
StebbingJPortsmouthSGazzardB.How does HAART lead to the resolution of Kaposi’s sarcoma?J Antimicrob Chemother2003;
51: 1095–1098.
23.
JinCMinhasHKaurAet al.
A case of ocular Kaposi’s sarcoma successfully treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) combined with docetaxel. Am J Case Rep2018;
19: 1074–1077.
24.
Fernandez-Montalvo L, Ibanez-Flores N, Cifuentes-Canorea P, et al. Bilateral eyelid Kaposi's sarcoma in an HIV-negative patient. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2018; 93: 606--609.
25.
YangJYinXFLiYPet al.
Case report of ocular Kaposi’s sarcoma. BMC Ophthalmol2017;
17: 143.
26.
NelwanEJPramonoLALubisAMet al.
Kaposi sarcoma of the eye in an HIV patient well-responded to HAART. Acta Med Indones2014;
46: 253–255.
27.
BrunettiAEGuariniALorussoVet al.
Complete response to second line paclitaxel every 2 weeks of eyelid Kaposi sarcoma: a case report. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg2013;
29: e114–e115.
28.
JoshiUCeenaDEOngoleRet al.
AIDS related Kaposi’s sarcoma presenting with palatal and eyelid nodule. J Assoc Physicians India2012;
60: 50–53.
29.
BavishiAAshrafALeeL.AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma of the conjunctiva in a woman. Int J STD AIDS2012;
23: 221–222.
30.
MikropoulosDMavrikakisIZiakasNGet al.
Kaposi’s sarcoma of the bulbar conjunctiva in an immunocompetent patient. Case Rep Ophthalmol2011;
2: 193–197.
31.
KornBSParkDJKikkawaDO.Intralesional mitomycin-C for the treatment of conjunctival Kaposi sarcoma. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg2011;
27: e88–e90.
32.
HuangCTChangCSMaaHCet al.
HIV-negative disseminated Kaposi’s sarcoma in a Taiwanese patient. Kaohsiung J Med Sci2011;
27: 581–583.
33.
SanyaEOAdidoJOwoeyeJFet al.
Conjunctival Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV-positive heterosexual Nigerian woman – a case report. West Afr J Med2008;
27: 50–52.
34.
LederHAGalorAPetersGBet al.
Resolution of conjunctival Kaposi sarcoma after institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy alone. Br J Ophthalmol2008;
92: 151–2007.
35.
FogtFSulewskiMMeralliFet al.
Conjunctival Kaposi’s sarcoma in a nonimmunocompromised patient. Can J Ophthalmol2007;
42: 310–311.
36.
DammaccoRLapennaLGiancipoliGet al.
Solitary eyelid Kaposi sarcoma in an HIV-negative patient. Cornea2006;
25: 490–492.
37.
CurtisTHDurairajVD.Conjunctival Kaposi sarcoma as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg2005;
21: 314–315.
38.
BrasnuEWechslerBBronAet al.
Efficacy of interferon-alpha for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus-associated uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol2005;
140: 746–748.
39.
CollacoLGoncalvesMGomesLet al.
Orbital Kaposi’s sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur J Ophthalmol2000;
10: 88–90.
40.
HeimannHKreuselKMFoersterMHet al.
Regression of conjunctival Kaposi’s sarcoma under chemotherapy with bleomycin. Br J Ophthalmol1997;
81: 1019–1020.
41.
KurumetyURLustbaderJM.Kaposi’s sarcoma of the bulbar conjunctiva as an initial clinical manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol1995;
113: 978–908.
ShieldsJADe PotterPShieldsCLet al.
Kaposi’s sarcoma of the eyelids: response to radiotherapy. Arch Ophthalmol1992;
110: 1689.
44.
Glynne-Jones R, Hungerford JL, Johnson MA, et al. Epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva: considerations for radiotherapy. Clinical oncology 1990; 2: 358--361.
45.
Cooper JS and Fried PR. Case report. Treatment of aggressive epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva by radiotherapy. Archives of ophthalmology 1988; 106: 20--21.
46.
Kalinske M and Leone CR, Jr. Kaposi's sarcoma involving eyelid and conjunctiva. Annals of ophthalmology 1982; 14: 497--499.
47.
Howard GM, Jakobiec FA and DeVoe AG. Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva. American journal of ophthalmology 1975; 79: 420--423.
