Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2015-9
UK national guideline for the management of Genital Molluscum in adults,2014 Clinical Effectiveness Group,British Association for Sexual Health and HIV
BatemanFMolluscum contagiosum. In: ShelleyWBCrisseyJT (eds). Classics in dermatology, Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1953, pp. 20–20.
2.
DaraiGReisnerHScholzJ. Analysis of the genome of Molluscum contagiosum virus by restriction endonuclease analysis and molecular cloning. J Med Virol1986; 18(1): 29–39.
3.
PorterCDArchardLC. Characterisation and physical mapping of Molluscum contagiosum virus DNA and location of a sequence capable of encoding a conserved domain of epidermal growth factor. J Gen Virol1987; 68: 673–682.
4.
PorterCDMuhlemannMFCreamJJ. Molluscum contagiosum: characterization of viral DNA and clinical features. Epidemiol Infect1987; 99(2): 563–567.
5.
PorterCDArchardLC. Characterisation by restriction mapping of three subtypes of Molluscum contagiosum virus. J Med Virol1992; 38: 1–6.
6.
SaralYKalkanAOzdarendeliA. Detection of Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) subtype I as a single dominant virus subtype in Molluscum lesions from a Turkish population. Arch Med Res2006; 37(3): 388–391.
7.
Scholz J, Rösen-Wolff A, Bugert J, et al. Epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum using genetic analysis of the viral DNA. J Med Virol 198; 27(2): 87–90.
8.
YamashitaHUemuraTKawashimaM. Molecular epidemiologic analysis of Japanese patients with molluscum contagiosum. Int J Dermatol1996; 35: 99–105.
9.
PorterCDBlakeNWArchardLC. Molluscum contagiosum virus types in genital and non-genital lesions. Br J Dermatol1989; 120: 37–41.
10.
ThompsonCHDe Zwart-SteffeRTBiggsIM. Molecular epidemiology of Australian isolates of molluscum contagiosum. J Med Virol1990; 32(1): 1–9.
11.
ThompsonCHDe Zwart-SteffeRTDonovanB. Clinical and molecular aspects of molluscum contagiosum infection in HIV-1 positive patients. Int J STD AIDS1992; 3(2): 101–106.
KoningSBruijnzeelsMAvan Suijlekom-SmitLW. Molluscum contagiosum in Dutch general practice. Br J Gen Pract1994; 44(386): 417–419.
14.
LaxmishaCThappaDMJaisankarTJ. Clinical profile of molluscum contagiosum in children versus adults. Dermatol Online J2003; 9(5): 1–1.
15.
PannellRSFlemingDMCrossKW. The incidence of molluscum contagiosum, scabies and lichen planus. Epidemiol Infect2005; 133(6): 985–991.
16.
DohilMALinPLeeJ. The epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children. J Am Acad Dermatol2006; 54(1): 47–54.
17.
KakourouTZachariadesAAnastasiouT. Molluscum contagiosum in Greek children: a case series. Int J Dermatol2005; 44(3): 2–2.
18.
BeckerTMBlountJHDouglasJ. Trends in molluscum contagiosum in the United States, 1966–1983. Sex Transm Dis1988; 13: 88–92.
19.
KumarBSahooBGuptaS. Rising incidence of genital herpes over two decades in a sexually transmitted disease clinic in north India. J Dermatol2002; 29(2): 74–78.
20.
VillaLVarelaJAOteroL. Molluscum contagiosum: a 20-year study in a sexually transmitted infections unit. Sex Transm Dis2010; 37(7): 423–424.
21.
CribierBScrivenerYGrosshansE. Molluscum contagiosum: histologic patterns and associated lesions: a study of 578 lesions. Am J Dermatopathol2001; 23(2): 99–103.
22.
MulugetaA. Giant molluscum contagiosum presenting as a tumour in an HIV-infected patient: case report. Ethiop Medical J2000; 38(2): 125–130.
23.
ParkSKLeeJYKimYH. Molluscum contagiosum occurring in an epidermal cyst – report of 3 cases. J Dermatol1992; 19(2): 119–121.
24.
EgawaKHondaYOnoT. Multiple giant molluscum contagiosa with cyst formation. Am J Dermatopathol1995; 17(4): 414–416.
25.
FreemanCLMoriartyAT. Molluscum contagiosum presenting as cellulitis in an AIDS patient: cytologic and ultrastructural features. Diagn Cytopathol1995; 12(4): 345–349.
26.
PhelpsAMurphyMElabaZ. Molluscum contagiosum virus infection in benign cutaneous epithelial cystic lesions – report of 2 cases with different pathogenesis?Am J Dermatopathol2010; 32(7): 740–742.
KazakovDVBurgGDummerR. Cutaneous lymphomas and pseudolymphomas: newly described entities. Recent Results Canc Res2002; 160: 283–293.
29.
Moreno-RamírezDGarcía-EscuderoARíos-MartínJJ. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma in association with molluscum contagiosum in an elderly patient. J Cutan Pathol2003; 30(7): 473–473.
30.
AckermanABTanskiEV. Pseudoleukemia cutis: report of a case in association with molluscum contagiosum. Cancer1977; 40: 813–817.
31.
de DiegoJBerridiDSaracibarN. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma in association with molluscum contagiosum. Am J Dermatopathol1998; 5: 518–521.
JangKAKimSHChoiJH. Viral folliculitis on the face. Br J Dermatol2000; 142(3): 555–559.
34.
ItinPHGilliL. Molluscum contagiosum mimicking sebaceous nevus of Jadassohn, ecthyma and giant condylomata acuminata in HIV-infected patients. Dermatology1994; 189(4): 396–398.
35.
GottliebSLMycowskiPL. Molluscum contagiosum. Int J Dermatol1994; 33: 453–461.
36.
BrownSTNalleyJFKrausSJ. Molluscum contagiosum (review). Sex Trans Dis1981; 8(3): 227–234.
37.
OsioADeslandesESaadaV. Clinical characteristics of molluscum contagiosum in children in a private dermatology practice in the greater Paris area, France: a prospective study in 661 patients. Dermatology2011; 222(4): 314–320.
38.
LaskarisGSklavounouA. Molluscum contagiosum of the oral mucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol1984; 58(6): 688–691.
FornatoraMLReichRFGrayRG. Intraoral molluscum contagiosum: a report of a case and a review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2001; 92(3): 318–320.
41.
CohenPRTschenJA. Plantar molluscum contagiosum: a case report of molluscum contagiosum occurring on the sole of the foot and a review of the world literature. Cutis2012; 90(1): 35–41.
42.
DickinsonATschenJAWolfJEJr. Giant molluscum contagiosum of the sole. Cutis1983; 32(3): 239–240.
43.
HaSJParkYMChoSH. Solitary giant molluscum contagiosum of the sole. Pediatr Dermatol1998; 15(3): 222–224.
44.
KatzmanMCareyJTElmetsCA. Molluscum contagiosum and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: clinical and immunological details of two cases. Br J Dermatol1987; 116: 131–138.
45.
SchwartzJJMyuskowskiPL. Molluscum contagiosum in patients with HIV infection: a review of 27 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol1992; 27: 583–588.
46.
Nakamura-WakatsukiTKatoYMiuraT. Eruptive molluscum contagiosum in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and lung cancer. Rheumatol Int2011; 31(8): 1117–1118.
47.
BrownCWO'DonoghueMMooreJ. Recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in an HIV-afflicted male treated successfully with topical Imiquimod. Cutis2000; 65: 363–366.
48.
TropeBMLenziME. AIDS and HIV infections: uncommon presentations. Clinics Dermatol2005; 23(6): 572–580.
49.
PetersenCSGerstoftJ. Molluscum contagiosum in HIV-infected patients. Dermatology1992; 184(1): 19–21.
50.
MansurATGöktayFGündüzS. Multiple giant molluscum contagiosum in a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis2004; 6(3): 120–123.
51.
WeisenseelPKuznetsovAVFlaigM. Disseminated eruptive giant mollusca contagiosa in an adult psoriasis patient during efalizumab therapy. Dermatology2008; 217(1): 85–86.
MoinMFarhoudiAMovahediM. The clinical and laboratory survey of Iranian patients with hyper-IgE syndrome. Scand J Infect Dis2006; 38(10): 898–903.
54.
RennerEDPuckJMHollandSM. Autosomal recessive hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome: a distinct disease entity. J Pediatr2004; 144(1): 93–99.
55.
MayumiMYamaokaKTsutsuiT. Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency associated with disseminated molluscum contagiosum. Eur J Pediatr1986; 145(1–2): 99–103.
56.
CottonDWKCooperCBarrettDF. Severe atypical molluscum contagiosum infection in an immunocompromised host. Br J Dermatol1987; 116(6): 871–876.
57.
GeorgalaSKatoulisACKanelleasA. Human papilloma virus and molluscum contagiosum lesions related to infliximab therapy for psoriasis: a case series (letter). Dermatol Online J2012; 18(4): 9–9.
58.
DannFJTabibianP. Cutaneous diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients referred to the UCLA Immunosuppression Skin Clinic: reasons for referral and management of select diseases. Cutis1995; 55(2): 8598–8598.
59.
HealyEMeenanJMulcahyF. The spectrum of HIV related skin diseases in an Irish population. Ir Med J1993; 86(6): 188–188.
60.
LanjewarDNBhosaleAIyerA. Spectrum of dermatopathologic lesions associated with HIV/AIDS in India. Ind J Pathol Microbiol2002; 45(3): 293–293.
61.
MatisWLTrianaAShapiroR. Dermatologic findings associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol1987; 17(5 Pt 1): 746–751.
62.
HiraSKWadhawanDKamangaJ. Cutaneous manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus in Lusaka, Zambia. J Am Acad Dermatol1988; 19(3): 451–457.
63.
GoodmanDSTeplitzEDWishnerA. Prevalence of cutaneous disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex. J Am Acad Dermatol1987; 17: 210–220.
64.
FicarraGCortésSRubinoI. Facial and perioral molluscum contagiosum in patients with HIV infection. A report of eight cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol1994; 78(5): 621–621.
65.
KumarasamyNSolomonSMadhivananP. Dermatologic manifestations among human immunodeficiency virus patients in south India. Int J Dermatol2000; 39(3): 192–195.
66.
SmithKJSkeltonHGYeagerJ. Cutaneous findings in HIV-1 positive patients: a 42-month prospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol1994; 31: 746–754.
67.
Muñoz-PérezMARodriguez-PichardoACamachoF. Dermatological findings correlated with CD4 lymphocyte counts in a prospective 3 year study of 1161 patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease predominantly acquired through intravenous drug abuse. Br J Dermatol1998; 139(1): 33–39.
68.
SinghAThappaDMHamideA. The spectrum of mucocutaneous manifestations during the evolutionary phases of HIV disease: an emerging Indian scenario. J Dermatol1999; 26(5): 294–304.
69.
KolokotronisAAntoniadesDKatsoulidisE. Facial and perioral molluscum contagiosum as a manifestation of HIV infection. Aust Dent J2000; 45(1): 49–52.
70.
MaurerTRodriguesLKAmeliN. The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on dermatologic disease in a longitudinal study of HIV type 1-infected women. Clin Infect Dis2004; 38(4): 579–584.
71.
MirowskiGWHiltonJFGreenspanD. Association of cutaneous and oral diseases in HIV-infected men. Oral Dis1998; 4(1): 16–21.
72.
KoopmanRJvan MerrienboerFCVredenSG. Molluscum contagiosum: a marker for advanced HIV infection. Br J Dermatol1992; 126: 528–529.
73.
FicarraGGagliotiD. Facial molluscum contagiosum in HIV-infected patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg1989; 18(4): 200–201.
74.
IkoonaEKalyesubulaIKawumaM. Ocular manifestations in paediatric HIV/AIDS patients in Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Afr Health Sci2003; 3(2): 83–86.
75.
RobinsonMRUdellIJGarberPF. Molluscum contagiosum of the eyelids in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology1992; 99(11): 1745–1747.
76.
CursiefenCGrunkeMDechantC. Multiple bilateral eyelid molluscum contagiosum lesions associated with TNFA-antibody and methotrexate therapy. Am J Ophthamol2002; 134(2): 270–271.
77.
MargoCKatzNN. Management of periocular molluscum contagiosum in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus1983; 20(1): 19–21.
YoshinagaIGConradoLASchainbergSC. Recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with AIDS: combined treatment with CO2 laser, trichloroacetic acid and pulsed dye laser. Lasers Surg Med2000; 27(4): 291–294.
81.
CalistaDBoschiniALandiG. Resolution of disseminated molluscum contagiosum with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with AIDS. Eur J Dermatol1999; 9(3): 211–213.
82.
FrenchMALenzoNJohnM. Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med2000; 1(2): 107–115.
83.
RatnamIChiuCKandalaNB. Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an ethnically diverse HIV type 1-infected cohort. Clin Infect Dis2006; 42(3): 418–427.
84.
De CarvalhoVânia OliveiraCristina Rodrigues Cruz. An inflammatory reaction surrounding molluscum contagiosum as possible manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV infection. Pediatr Dermatol2010; 27(6): 631–634.
85.
MurdochDMVenterWDFeldmanC. Incidence and risk factors for the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients in South Africa: a prospective study. AIDS2008; 22(5): 601–610.
PereiraBFernandesCNachiamboE. Exuberant molluscum contagiosum as a manifestation of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Dermatol Online J2007; 13(2): 6–6.
88.
MicaliGLacarrubbaF. Augmented diagnostic capability using videodermatoscopy on selected infectious and non-infectious penile growths. Int J Dermatol2011; 50(12): 1501–1505.
89.
IanhezMCestari SdaCEnokiharaMY. Dermoscopic patterns of molluscum contagiosum: a study of 211 lesions confirmed by histopathology. An Bras Dermatol2011; 6(1): 74–79.
90.
ZalaudekIGiacomelJCaboH. Entodermoscopy: a new tool for diagnosing skin infections and infestations. Dermatology2008; 216(1): 14–23.
91.
RuoccoEBaroniADonnarummaG. Diagnostic procedures in dermatology. Clin Dermatol2011; 29(5): 548–556.
92.
TramaJPAdelsonMEMordechaiE. Identification and genotyping of Molluscum contagiosum virus from genital swab samples by real-time PCR and pyrosequencing. J Clin Virol2007; 40(4): 325–329.
SimsSMMcLeanFWDavisJD. Vulvar lymphangioma circumscriptum: a report of 3 cases, 2 associated with vulvar carcinoma and 1 with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Low Genit Tract Dis2010; 14(3): 234–237.
96.
VlastosATMalpicaAFollenM. Lymphangioma circumscriptum of the vulva: a review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol2003; 101(5 Pt 1): 946–954.
97.
HeathTCPatelAFisherD. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei: presenting illness of advanced HIV infection; a clinicopathological review, illustrated by a case report. Pathology1995; 27(1): 101–105.
98.
SinghPNRanjanaKSinghYI. Indigenous disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in the state of Manipur, India: report of four autochthonous cases. J Clin Microbiol1999; 37: 2699–2702.
ChiewchanvitSChuaychooBMahanupabP. Disseminated cryptococcosis presenting as molluscum-like lesions in three male patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Med Assoc Thai1994; 77(6): 322–326.
101.
MurakawaGJKerschmannRBergerT. Cutaneous cryptococcus infection and AIDS. Report of 12 cases and review of literature. Arch Dermatol1996; 132: 545–548.
102.
DharmshaleSNPatilSAGohilA. Disseminated crytococcosis with extensive cutaneous involvement in AIDS. Ind J Med Microbiol2006; 24(3): 228–230.
103.
DurdenFMElewskiB. Cutaneous involvement with Cryptococcus neoformans in AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol1994; 30(5 pt 2): 844–848.
104.
GhigliottiGCarregGFarrisA. Cutaneous cryptococcosis resembling molluscum contagiosum in a homosexual man with AIDS. Report of a case and review of the literature. Acta Derm-Venereolog1992; 72(3): 182–184.
105.
ManfrediRMazzoniANanettiA. Morphologic features and clinical significance of skin involvement in patients with AIDS-related cryptococcosis. Acta Derm Venereolog1996; 76(1): 72–74.
106.
PemaKDiazJGuerraL. Disseminated cutaneous cryptococcosis. Comparison of clinical manifestations in the pre-AIDS and AIDS eras. Arch Intern Med1994; 154(9): 1032–1034.
107.
RamdialPKCalonjeESingY. Molluscum-like cutaneous cryptococcosis: a histopathological and pathogenetic appraisal. J Cutan Pathol2008; 35(11): 1007–1013.
108.
RajpalSDwivediSChaudharySC. Disseminated cryptococcosis in an HIV-negative patient. Trop Doct2009; 39(2): 114–115.
109.
ImwidthayaP. Systemic fungal infections in Thailand. J Med Vet Mycol1994; 32(5): 395–399.
110.
NavarroEETupasiTEVeralloVM. Disseminated histoplasmosis with unusual cutaneous lesions in a patient from the Philippines. Am J Trop Medicine Hyg1992; 46(2): 141–145.
111.
HennesseyNPParroELCockerellCJ. Cutaneous Pneumocystis carinii infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Dermatol1991; 127(11): 1699–1701.
112.
HuntSJNagiCGrossKG. Primary cutaneous Aspergillosis near central venous catheters in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Dermatol1992; 128(9): 1229–1232.
113.
CastronovoCLebasENikkels-TassodjiN. Viral infections of the pubis. Int J STD AIDS2012; 23(1): 48–50.
114.
ShlayJCMcClungMWPatnaikJL. Comparison of sexually transmitted disease prevalence by reported level of condom use among patients attending an urban sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis2004; 31(3): 154–160.
115.
RadcliffeKWDanielsDEvansBA. Molluscum contagiosum: a neglected sentinel infection. Int J STD AIDS1991; 2(6): 416–418.
116.
Van der WoudenJCVan der SandeRVan Suijlekom-Smit. Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online)2009; 4: CD004767–CD004767.
117.
BartonSEChardS. Facial molluscum: treatment with cryotherapy and podophyllotoxin. Int J STD AIDS2002; 13(4): 277–278.
118.
SyedTALundinSAhmadM. Topical 0.3% and 0.5% podophyllotoxin cream for self-treatment of molluscum contagiosum in males. Dermatology1994; 189(1): 65–68.
119.
Teilla-HamelDRouxALoebG. Pharmacokinetics and safety profile of topical podophyllotoxin (0.5% solution) on molluscum contagiosum in children. Eur J Dermatol1996; 6: 437–440.
120.
LiotaESmithKJBuckleyR. Imiquimod therapy for molluscum contagiosum. J Cutan Med Surg2000; 4: 76–82.
121.
HenggeURGoosMArndtR. Topical treatment of warts and mollusca with Imiquimod. Ann Intern Med2000; 132(1): 95–95.
122.
StraussRMDoyleELMohsenAH. Successful treatment of molluscum contagiosum with topical imiquimod in a severely immunocompromised HIV-positive patient. Int J STD AIDS2001; 12(4): 264–266.
123.
HenggeUREsserSSchultewolterT. Self-administered topical 5% Imiquimod for the treatment of common warts and molluscum contagiosum. Br J Dermatol2000; 143: 1026–1031.
124.
BarbaARKapoorSBermanB. An open label safety study of topical imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children. Dermatol Online J2001; 7: 20–23.
125.
SyedTAGoswamiJAhmadpourOA. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum in males with an analog of Imiquimod 1% in cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Dermatol1998; 25: 309–313.
126.
LinHYLinnGLiuCB. An immunocompromised woman with severe molluscum contagiosum that responded well to topical imiquimod: a case report and literature review. J Low Genit Tract Dis2010; 14(2): 134–135.
127.
BayerlCFellerGGoordtS. Experience in treating molluscum contagiosum in children with imiquimod 5% cream. Br J Dermatol2003; 149(suppl 66): 25–29.
128.
HannaDHatamiAPowellJ. A prospective randomized trial comparing the efficacy and adverse effects of four recognized treatments of molluscum contagiosum in children. Pediatr Dermatol2006; 23(6): 574–579.
SimonartTDe MaertelaerV. Curettage treatment for molluscum contagiosum: a follow-up survey study. Br J Dermatol2008; 159(5): 1144–1147.
131.
BinderBWegerWKomerickiP. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with a pulsed dye laser: pilot study with 19 children. JDDG2008; 6: 121–125.
132.
MichelJL. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with 585 nm collagen remodeling pulsed dye laser. Eur J Dermatol2004; 14(2): 103–106.
133.
ChatproedpraiSSuwannakarnKWananukulS. Efficacy of pulsed dye laser in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum subtype 1. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health2007; 38(5): 849–854.
NehalKSSarnoffDSGotkinRH. Pulsed dye laser treatment of molluscum contagiosum in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Dermatol Surg1998; 24(5): 533–535.
136.
HancoxJGJacksonJMcCaghS. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the pulsed dye laser over a 28-month period. Cutis2003; 71(5): 414–416.
137.
HughesPS. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the 585-nm pulsed dye laser. Dermatol Surg1998; 24(2): 229–232.
138.
HindsonCCotterillJ. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the pulsed tuneable dye laser. Clin Exp Dermatol1997; 22(5): 255–255.
139.
LeslieKSDootsonGSterlingJC. Topical salicylic acid gel as a treatment for molluscum contagiosum in children. J Dermatolog Treat2005; 16(5–6): 336–340.
140.
OhkumaM. Molluscum contagiosum treated with iodine solution and salicylic acid plaster. Int J Dermatol1990; 29(6): 443–445.
141.
SadickNSorhaindoL. A comparative split-face study of cryosurgery and trichloroacetic acid 100% peels in the treatment of HIV-associated disseminated facial molluscum contagiosum. Cutis2009; 83(6): 299–302.
142.
GarrettSJRobinsonJKRoenigkHHJr. Trichloroacetic acid peel of molluscum contagiosum in immunocompromised patients. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1992; 18(10): 855–858.
143.
SaryazdiS. The comparative efficacy of benzoyl peroxide 10% cream and tretinoin 0.05% cream in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Abstract 10th World Congress on Pediatric Dermatology. Pediatr Dermatol2004; 21(3): 399–399.
144.
OrmerodADWhiteMIShahSA. Molluscum contagiosum effectively treated with a topical acidified nitrite, nitric oxide liberating cream. Br J Dermatol1999; 141(6): 1051–1053.
145.
RomitiRRibeiroAPRomitiN. Evaluation of the effectiveness of 5% potassium hydroxide for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Pediatr Dermatol2000; 17(6): 495–495.
146.
RomitiRRibeiroAPGrinblatBM. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with potassium hydroxide: a clinical approach in 35 children. Pediatr Dermatol1999; 16(3): 228–231.
147.
ShortKAFullerLCHigginsEM. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the use of topical 10% potassium hydroxide solution in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Pediatr Dermatol2006; 23(3): 279–281.
148.
MetkarAPandeSKhopkarU. An open, nonrandomized, comparative study of imiquimod 5% cream versus 10% potassium hydroxide solution in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol2008; 74(6): 614–618.
149.
RajouriaEAAmatyaAKarnD. Comparative study of 5% potassium hydroxide solution versus 0.05% tretinoin cream for molluscum contagiosum in children. Kathmandu Univ Med J2011; 9(36): 291–294.
150.
NiizekiKHashimotoK. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with silver nitrate paste. Pediatr Dermatol1999; 16(5): 395–397.
151.
CalistaD. Topical cidofovir for severe cutaneous human papilloma virus and molluscum contagiosum infections in patients with HIV/AIDS. A pilot study. JEAVD2000; 14(6): 484–488.
152.
ToroJRWoodLVPatelNK. Topical cidofovir. A novel treatment for recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Dermatol2000; 136: 983–985.
153.
DavisEGThrasherALaceyK. Topical cidofovir for severe molluscum contagiosum. Lancet1999; 353(9169): 2042–2042.
154.
ZabawskiEJCockerellCJ. Topical cidofovir for molluscum contagiosum in children. Pediatr Dermatol1999; 16: 414–415.
155.
MeadowsKPTyringSKPaviaAT. Resolution of recalcitrant Molluscum contagiosum virus lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients treated with cidofovir. Arch Dermatol1997; 133: 987–990.
156.
IbarraVBlancoJROteoJA. Efficacy of cidofovir in the treatment of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in an AIDS patient. Acta Derm Venereol2000; 80: 315–316.
157.
EricksonCDriscollMGaspariA. Efficacy of intravenous cidofovir in the treatment of giant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Dermatol2011; 147(6): 652–654.
158.
NelsonMRChardSBartonSE. Intralesional interferon for the treatment of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in HIV antibody positive individuals – a preliminary report. Int J STD AIDS1995; 6(5): 351–352.
159.
HourihaneJHodgesESmithJ. Interferon α treatment of molluscum contagiosum in immunodeficiency. Arch Dis Child1999; 80(1): 77–79.
160.
KilicSSKilicbayF. Interferon-alpha treatment of molluscum contagiosum in a patient with hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. Pediatrics2006; 117(6): 1253–1255.
161.
SenSBhaumikP. Resolution of giant molluscum contagiosum with antiretroviral therapy. Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol2008; 74(3): 267–268.
162.
SenSGoswamiBKKarjyiN. Disfiguring molluscum contagiosum in a HIV-positive patient responding to antiretroviral therapy. Ind J Dermatol2009; 54(2): 180–182.
163.
HurniMABöhlenLFurrerH. Complete regression of giant molluscum contagiosum lesions in an HIV-infected patient following combined antiretroviral therapy with saquinavir, zidovudine and lamivudine. AIDS1997; 11(14): 1784–1785.
164.
CattelanAMSassetLCortiL. A complete remission of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in an AIDS patient following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). J Infect1999; 38(1): 58–60.
165.
HicksCBMyersSAGinerJ. Resolution of intractable molluscum contagiosum in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient after institution of antiretroviral therapy with ritonavir. Clin Infect Dis1997; 24(5): 1023–1025.