KingstonMRadcliffeKDanielsD. British association for sexual health and HIV: framework for guideline development and assessment. Int J STD AIDS2010; 21: 453–456.
2.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR 2010; 59(RR12); 1–110.
3.
World Health Organisation. Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections. WHO/HIV_AIDS/2003.01, Geneva: WHO, 2003.
4.
KempMChristensenJJLautenschlagerS. European guideline for the management of chancroid 2011. Int J STD AIDS2011; 22: 241–244.
5.
LagergardTBolinILindholmL. On the evolution of the sexually transmitted bacteria Haemophilus ducreyi and Klebsiella granulomatis. Ann N Y Acad Sci2011; 1230: E1–E10.
6.
TaylorDNDuangmaniCSvongseC. The role of Haemophilus ducreyi in penile ulcers in Bangkok, Thailand. Sex Transm Dis1984; 11: 148–151.
7.
MorseSATreesDLHtunY. Comparison of clinical diagnosis and standard laboratory and molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in Lesotho: association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis1997; 175: 583–589.
8.
O’FarrellNMorisonLMoodleyP. Genital ulcers and concomitant complaints in men attending a STI clinic: implications for STI management. Sex Transm Dis2008; 35: 545–549.
9.
MakasaMBuveASandoyIF. Etiologic pattern of genital ulcers in Lusaka, Zambia: has chancroid been eliminated?Sex Transm Dis2012; 39: 787–791.
10.
ZimbaTFApalataTSturmWA. Aetiology of sexually transmitted infections in Maputo, Mozambique. J Infect Dev Ctries2001; 5: 41–47.
11.
Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D’Costa LJ, et al. Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 1989; ii: 403–407.
12.
O'FarrellN. Increasing prevalence of genital herpes in developing countries: implications for heterosexual HIV transmission and STI control programmes. Sex Trans Infect1999; 75: 377–384.
O’FarrellN. Chancroid in the United Kingdom. Sex Transm Infect2000; 76: 67–72.
15.
KinghornGRHafizSMcEntegartMG. Pathogenic microbial flora of genital ulcers in Sheffield with particular reference to Herpes Simplex and Haemophilus ducreyi. Br J Vener Dis1982; 58: 377–380.
16.
Hope-RappEAnyfantakisVFouereS. Etiology of genital ulcer disease. A prospective study of 278 cases seen in an STD clinic in Paris. Sex Transm Dis2010; 37: 153–158.
17.
NayyarKCStolzEMichelMF. Rising incidence of chancroid in Rotterdam. Epidemiological., clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Br J Vener Dis1979; 55: 439–441.
18.
RonaldAAlbrittonWChancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi. In: HolmesKKSparlingPFMardhP-A (eds). Sexually transmitted diseases, 3rd ed. Chapter 38. New York: Mc-Graw Hill, 1999, pp. 515–523.
19.
HammondCWSlutchukMScatliffJ. Epidemiologic, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic features of an urban outbreak of chancroid in North America. Rev Infect Dis1980; 2: 867–867.
20.
ErnstAAMarvez-VallsEMartinDH. Incision and drainage versus aspiration of fluctuant buboes in the emergency department during an epidemic of chancroid. Sex Transm Dis1995; 22: 217–220.
21.
Plummer FA, Nsanze H, Karasira P, et al. Epidemiology of chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet 1983; ii: 1293–1295.
22.
HawkesSWestBWilsonS. Asymptomatic carriage of Haemophilus ducreyi confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction. Genitourin Med1995; 71: 224–227.
23.
MitjaOLukehartSBokowasG. Haemophilus ducreyi as a cause of skin ulcers in children from a yaws-endemic area of Papua New Guinea: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Global Health2014; 2: e235–e241.
24.
Al-TawfiqJAPalmerKLChenCY. Experimental infection of human volunteers with Haemophilus ducreyi does not confer protection against subsequent challenge. J Infect Dis1999; 179: 1283–1287.
25.
TreesDLMorseSA. Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi: an update. Clin Micr Rev1995; 8: 357–375.
WestBWilsonSMChangaluchaJ. Simplified PCR for detection of Haemophilus ducreyi and diagnosis of chancroid. J Clin Microbiol1995; 33: 787–790.
28.
OrleKAGatesCAMartinDH. Simultaneous PCR detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 from genital ulcers. J Clin Microbiol1996; 34: 49–54.
29.
LewisDAIsonCA. Chancroid. Sex Trans Infect2006; 82: iv19–iv20.
30.
NsanzeHPlummerFAMaggwaAB. Comparison of media for the primary isolation of Hemophilus ducreyi. Sex Transm Dis1985; 11: 6–9.
31.
LockettAEDanceDABMabeyDCW. Serum-free media for the isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi. Lancet1991; 338: 326–326.
32.
DangorYRadebeFBallardRC. Transport media for Haemophilus ducreyi. Sex Transm Dis1993; 20: 5–9.
33.
World Health Organisation. Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus. Geneva: WHO, 2013, pp.133–138.
34.
LewisDA. Diagnostic tests for chancroid. Sex Trans Infect2000; 76: 137–141.
35.
MuseyiKVan DyckEVervoortT. Use of an enzyme immunosorbent assay to detect serum IgG antibodies to Haemophilus ducreyi. J Infect Dis1988; 157: 1039–1043.
36.
AlfaMJOlsonNDegagneP. Humoral immune response of humans to lipooligosaccharide and outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus ducreyi. J Infect Dis1993; 167: 1206–1210.
37.
DangorYBallardRExpostoF. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease. Sex Transm Dis1990; 17: 184–189.
38.
O'FarrellNHoosenAACoetzeeKD. Genital ulcer disease: accuracy of clinical diagnosis and strategies to improve control in Durban, South Africa. Genitourin Med1994; 70: 7–11.
39.
Ndinya-AcholaJOKiharaANFisherLD. Presumptive specific clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease (GUD) in a primary health care setting in Nairobi. Int J STD & AIDS1996; 7: 201–205.
40.
SpinolaSMChancroid and Hemophilus ducreyi. In: HolmesKKSparlingPFMardhPAStammWPiotPWasserheitJNCoreyLCohenMWattsH (eds). Sexually transmitted diseases, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.
41.
Belda JrWDi ChiacchioNGDi ChiacchioN. A comparative study of single dose treatment of chancroid using thiamphenicol versus azithromycin. Braz J Infect Dis2009; 13: 218–220.
42.
TyndallMWAgokiEPlummerFA. Single dose azithromycin for the treatment of chancroid: a randomized comparison with erythromycin. Sex Transm Dis1994; 21: 231–234.
43.
D’SouzaPPandhiRKKhannaN. A comparative study of therapeutic response of patients with clinical chancroid to ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole. Sex Transm Dis1998; 25: 293–295.
44.
MalonzaIMTyndallMWNdinya-AcholaJO. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single-dose ciprofloxacin versus erythromycin for the treatment of chancroid in Nairobi, Kenya. J Infect Dis1999; 180: 1886–1893.
45.
KimaniJBwayoJJAnzalaAO. Low dose erythromycin regimen for the treatment of chancroid. East Afr Med J1995; 72: 645–648.
46.
BogaertsJKerstensLMartinez-TelloW. Failure of treatment for chancroid in Rwanda is not related to human immunodeficiency virus infection: in vitro resistance of Haemophilus ducreyi to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Clin Infect Dis1995; 20: 924–930.
47.
BehetsFMLiombaGLuleG. Sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus control in Malawi: a field study of genital ulcer disease. J Infect Dis1995; 171: 451–455.
48.
KnappJSBackAFBabstAF. In vitro susceptibilities of Haemophilus ducreyi from Thailand and the United States to currently recommended and newer agents for treatment of chancroid. Antimicrob Agent Chemother1993; 37: 1552–1555.
49.
Van DyckEBogaertsJSmetH. Emergence of Haemophilus ducreyi resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Rwanda. Antimicrob Agent Chemother1994; 38: 1647–1648.
50.
TyndallMMalisaMPlummerFA. Ceftriaxone no longer predictably cures chancroid in Kenya. J Infect Dis1993; 167: 469–471.
51.
MoodleyPSturmPJVanmaliT. Association between HIV-1 infection, the etiology of genital ulcer disease, and response to syndromic management. Sex Trannsm Dis2003; 30: 241–245.
52.
MutuaFMM’ImunyaJMWiysongeCS. Genital ulcer disease treatment for reducing sexual acquisition of HIV (review). Cochrane Collab2012; 8: 1–36.
53.
PlourdePJD'CostaLJAgokiE. A randomized, double blind study of the efficacy of fleroxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in men with culture-proven chancroid. J Infect Dis1992; 165: 949–952.
54.
MacDonaldKSCameronDWD’Costa. Evaluation of fleroxacin [RO 23-6240] as single dose therapy of culture proven chancroid in Nairobi, Kenya. Antimicrob Agent Chemother1989; 33: 612–614.
55.
ChemaitellyHSheltonJDHallettTB. Only a fraction of new HIV infections occur within identifiable stable discordant couples in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS2013; 27: 251–260.
56.
MartinDHSargentSJWendelGDJr. Comparison of azithromycin and ceftriaxone for the treatment of chancroid. Clin Infect Dis1995; 21: 409–414.
57.
TaylorDNPitarangsiCEcheverriaP. Comparative study of ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of chancroid in Thailand. J Infect Dis1985; 152: 1002–1006.
58.
NaamaraWPlummerFAGreenblattRM. Treatment of chancroid with ciprofloxacin. Am J Med1987; 82: 317–320.