Balanoposthitis can be caused by a disparate range of conditions affecting the penile skin. This guideline concentrates on a selected group of conditions and offers recommendations on the diagnostic tests and treatment regimens needed for the effective management of balanoposthitis.
EdwardsSBunkerCOther conditions affecting the male genitalia. In: RogstadK (ed). ABC of sexually transmitted infections, 6th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, pp. 35–41.
2.
Edwards SK, Handfield-Jones S, on behalf of Clinical Effectiveness Group, British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. UK National Guideline on the Management of Balanoposthitis, http://www.bashh.org/guidelines (2008, accessed 19 January 2014).
3.
RaoABunkerCB. Male genital skin biopsy. Int J STD AIDS2011; 22: 418–419.
4.
BunkerCBNeillSAThe genital, perianal and umbilical regions. In: BurnsTBreathnachSCoxN (eds). Rook’s textbook of dermatology2010; Vol 71, 8th ed. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1–102.
5.
BirleyHDLWalkerMMLuzziGA. Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis: association with atopy and genital washing. Genitourin Med1993; 69: 400–403.
6.
MallonEHawkinsDDinneenM. Circumcision and genital dermatoses. Arch Dermatol2000; 136: 350–354.
7.
AlsterholmMFlytströmILeifsdottirR. Frequency of bacteria, Candida and malassezia species in balanoposthitis. Acta Derm Venereol2008; 88: 331–336.
8.
LisboaCFerreiraAResendeC. Infectious balanoposthitis: management, clinical and laboratory features. Int J Dermatol2009; 48: 121–124.
9.
MinamiMWakimotoYMatsumotoM. Characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from balanoposthitis patients presumably transmitted by penile-oral sexual intercourse. Curr Microbiol2010; 61: 101–105.
10.
HornerPJTaylor-RobinsonD. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with balanoposthitis in men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect2011; 87: 38–40.
StaryASoeltz-SzoetsJZieglerC. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of oral fluconazole and topical clotrimazole in patients with candidal balanitis. Genitourin Med1996; 72: 98–102.
13.
ForsterGEHarrisJRW. Double blind therapeutic trial in balanitis – miconazole and nystatin. Eur J Sex Transm Dis1986; 3: 81–83.
KishimototMLeeMJMorA. Syphilis mimicking Reiter’s syndrome in an HIV-positive patient. Am J Med Sci2006; 332: 90–92.
16.
NeillSMLewisFMTatnallFM. British Association of Dermatologists’ Guidelines for the Management of Lichen Sclerosus 2010. Br J Dermatol2010; 163: 672–682.
17.
EdmondsEVJHuntSHawkinsD. Clinical parameters in male genital lichen sclerosus: a case series of 329 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol2012; 26: 730–737.
18.
PietrzakPHadwayPCorbishleyCM. Is the association between balanitis xerotica obliterans and penile carcinoma underestimated?BJU Int2006; 98: 74–76.
19.
BunkerCB. Comments on the BAD guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol2011; 164: 894–895.
Dahlman-GhozlanKHedbladMAvon KroghG. Penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus treated with clobetasol diproprionate 0.05% cream: a retrospective clinical and histopathological study. J Am Acad Dermatol1999; 40: 451–457.
22.
KissACsontaiAPirotL. The response of balanitis xerotica obliterans to local steroid application compared with placebo in children. J Urol2001; 165: 219–220.
23.
GoldsteinATCreaseyAPfauR. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of clobetasol versus pimecrolimus in patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol2011; 64: e99–e104.
24.
BunkerCBNeillSMStaughtonRCD. Topical tacrolimus, genital lichen sclerosus and risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol2004; 140: 1169–1169.
25.
LiatsikosENPerimenisPDandinisK. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Findings after complete circumcision. Scan J Urol Nephrol1997; 31: 453–456.
26.
KulkarniSBarbagliGKirpekarD. Lichen sclerosus of the male genitalia and urethra: surgical options and results in a multicenter international experience with 215 patients. Eur Urol2009; 55: 945–954.
27.
PorterWMFrancisNHawkinsD. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia: clinical spectrum and treatment of 35 cases. Br J Dermatol2002; 147: 1159–1165.
WeyersWEndeYSchallaW. Balanitis of Zoon: a clinicopathologic study of 45 cases. Am J Dermatopathol2002; 24: 459–467.
34.
KumarBSharmaRRagagopalanM. Plasma cell balanitis: clinical and histological features – response to circumcision. Genitourin Med1995; 71: 32–34.
35.
TangADavidNHortonLW. Plasma cell balanitis of Zoon: response to Trimovate cream. Int J STD AIDS2001; 12: 75–78.
36.
RetamarRAKienMCChouelaEN. Zoon’s balanitis: presentation of 15 patients, 5 treated with a carbon dioxide laser. Int J Dermatol2003; 42: 305–307.
37.
RoeEDalmauJPeramiquelL. Plasma cell balanitis of zoon treated with topical tacrolimus 0.1%: report of three cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol2007; 21: 284–285.
38.
ThaçiDSalgoR. Malignancy concerns of topical calcineurin inhibitors for atopic dermatitis: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol2010; 28: 52–56.
39.
NastAKoppIAugustinM. German evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of Psoriasis vulgaris (short version). Arch Dermatol Res2007; 299: 111–138.
40.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Psoriasis: the assessment and management of psoriasis. London (UK): National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE); 2012 Oct. 61 p. (NICE clinical guideline; no. 153).
41.
MeeuwisKA. Genital psoriasis: a systematic literature review on this hidden skin disease. Acta Derm Venereol2011; 91: 5–11.
42.
BissonnetteRNigenSBolducC. Efficacy and tolerability of topical tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of male genital psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg2008; 12: 230–234.
43.
VenaGAMicaliGSantoianniP. Oral terbinafine in the treatment of multi-site seborrheic dermatitis: a multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Int J Immunopath Pharmacol2005; 18: 745–753.
44.
ZawarVKirloskarMChuhA. Fixed drug eruption – a sexually inducible reaction?Int J STD AIDS2004; 15: 560–563.
45.
Braun-FalcoOPlewigGWolffHH. Dermatology, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991, pp. 553–553.
46.
SchellhammerPFJordanGHRobeyEL. Premalignant lesions and nonsquamous malignancy of the penis and carcinoma of the scrotum. Urol Clin North Am1992; 19: 131–142.
47.
WielandUJurkSWeissenbornS. Erythroplasia of Queyrat: co-infection with cutaneous carcinogenic human papillomavirus type 8 and genital papillomaviruses in a carcinoma in situ. J Invest Dermatol2000; 115: 396–401.
48.
MikhailGR. Cancers, precancers and pseudocancers on the male genitalia: a review of clinical appearances, histopathology, and management. J Dermatol Surg Oncol1980; 6: 1027–1027.
49.
CoxNHEedyDJMortonCA. Guidelines for management of Bowen’s disease: 2006 update. Br J Dermatol2007; 156: 11–21.
50.
GoorneyBPPoloriR. A case of Bowenoid papulosis of the penis successfully treated with topical imiquimod cream 5%. Int J STD AIDS2004; 15: 833–835.
51.
PerisKMicantonioTFargnoliMC. Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen's disease and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol2006; 55: 324–327.
52.
AxcronaKBrennhovdBAlfsenGC. Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate for atypia/carcinoma in situ of the penis. Scand J Urol Nephrol2007; 21: 1–4.
53.
GoetteDKElgartMDe VillezRL. Erythroplasia of Queyrat: treatment with topically applied fluorouracil. JAMA1975; 232: 934–934.
54.
SonnexTSRalfsIGDelanzaMP. Treatment of Erythroplasia of Queyrat with liquid nitrogen cryosurgery. Br J Dermatol1982; 106: 581–584.
55.
EdwardsS. Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review. Genitourin Med1996; 72: 155–159.