HeLa cells expressing the E. coli gene Ecogpt and cultured with xanthine were extremely resistant to antiproliferation by mycophenolic acid, but were only partially resistant to the effects of ribavirin. Nucleotide analyses of these transfected cells, and the parental HeLa cells, demonstrated an association between the GTP/ribavirin triphosphate ratio and virus yield reductions.
References
1.
AndersenD.O.WeberN.D.WoodS.G.HughesB.G.MurrayB.K., and NorthJ.A. (1991) In vitro virucidal activity of selected anthraquinones and anthraquinone derivatives. Antiviral Res16: 185–196.
2.
ErikssonB.HelgstrandE.JohanssonN.G.LarssonA.MisiornyA.NorenJ.O.PhilipsonL.StenbergK.SteningG.StridhS., and ÖbergB. (1977) Inhibition of influenza virus ribonucleic acid polymerase by ribavirin triphosphate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother11: 946–951.
3.
Fernandez-LarssonR., and PattersonJ.L. (1990) Ribavirin is an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Mol Pharmacol38: 766–770.
4.
FranklinT.J., and CookJ.M. (1969) The inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis by mycophenolic acid. Biochem J113: 515–524.
5.
GoswamiB.B.BorekE.SharmaO.K.FujitakiJ., and SmithR.A. (1979) The broad spectrum antiviral agent ribavirin inhibits capping of mRNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun89: 830–836.
6.
HubermanE.McKeownC.K., and FriedmanJ. (1981) Mutagen-induced resistance to mycophenolic acid in hamster cells can be associated with increased inosine 5′-phosphate dehydrogenase activityProc Natl Acad Sci, USA78: 3151–3154.
7.
KrenitskyT.A.PapaioannouR., and ElionG.B. (1969) Human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltranferase. I. Purification, properties, and specificity. J Biol Chem244: 1263–1270.
8.
LarssonA.StenbergK., and ÖbergB. (1978) Reversible inhibition of cellular metabolism by ribavirin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother13: 154–158.
9.
LeeH.-J.PawlakK.NguyenB.T.RobinsR.K., and SadeeW. (1985) Biochemical differences among four inosinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, mycophenolic acid, ribavirin, tiazofurin, and selenazofurin, studied in mouse lymphoma cell culture. Cancer Res45: 5512–5520.
10.
MalinoskiF., and StollarV. (1981) Inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase prevent Sindbis virus replication and reduce GTP levels in Aedes albopictus cells. Virology110: 281–291.
11.
MillerR.L.RamseyG.A.KrenitskyT.A., and ElionG.B. (1972) Guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Escherichia coli, specificity and properties. Biochemistry11: 4723–4731.
12.
MulliganR.C., and BergP. (1981) Selection for animal cells that express the Escherichia coli gene coding for xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA78: 2072–2076.
13.
PageT., and ConnorJ.D. (1990) The metabolism of ribavirin in erythrocytes and nucleated cells. Int J Biochem22: 379–383.
14.
RankinJ.T.JrEppesS.B.AntczakJ.B., and JoklikW.K. (1989) Studies on the mechanism of the antiviral activity of ribavirin against reovirus. Virology168: 147–158.
15.
RobinsR.K.RevankarG.R.McKernanP.A.MurrayB.K.KirsiJ.J., and NorthJ.A. (1986) The importance of IMP dehydrogenase inhibition in the broad spectrum antiviral activity of ribavirin and selenazofurin. Adv Enz Reg24: 29–43.
16.
SmeeD.F., and MatthewsT.R. (1986) Metabolism of ribavirin in respiratory syncytial virus-infected and uninfected cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother30: 117–121.
17.
SmeeD.F.BoehmeR.ChernowM.BinkoB.P., and MatthewsT.R. (1985) Intracellular metabolism and enzymatic phosphorylation of 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)-guanine and acyclovir in herpes simplex virus-infected and uninfected cells. Biochem Pharmacol34: 1049–1056.
18.
SmithR.A. (1980) Mechanisms of action of ribavirin. In Ribavirin: A Broad Spectrum Antiviral Agent.SmithR.A., and KirkpatrickW. (eds). New York: Academic Press, Inc, pp. 99–118.
19.
StreeterD.G.WitkowskiJ.T.KhareG.P.SidwellR.W.BauerR.J.RobinsR.K., and SimonL.N. (1973) Mechanism of action of 1-β-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (Virazole), a new broad spectrum antiviral agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA70: 1174–1178.
20.
StridhS. (1983) Determination of ribonucleoside triphosphate pools in influenza A virus-infected MDCK cells. Arch Virol77: 223–229.
21.
ToltzisP.O'ConnellK., and PattersonJ.L. (1988) Effect of phosphorylated ribavirin on vesicular stomatitis virus transcription. Antimicrob Agents Chemother32: 492–497.
22.
WrayS.K.GilbertB.E., and KnightV. (1985a) Effect of ribavirin triphosphate on primer generation and elongation during influenza virus transcription in vitro. Antiviral Res5: 39–48.
23.
WrayS.K.GilbertB.E.NoallM.W., and KnightV. (1985b) Mode of action of ribavirin: effect of nucleotide pool alterations on influenza virus ribonucleoprotein synthesis. Antiviral Res5: 29–37.
24.
ZimmermanT.P., and DeeproseR.D. (1978) Metabolism of 5-amino-1 -D-ribof uranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide and related five-membered heterocycles to 5′-triphosphates in human blood and L5178 cells. Biochem Pharmacol27: 709–716.