Health inequalities in urban areas: a guide to the literature

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Baqui, A.H , S.E. Arifeen , S. Amin and R.E. Black (1994), “ Levels and correlates of maternal nutritional status in urban Bangladesh ” in European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol.48, pages 349-357 .

Barros, F.C. , C.G. Victora , J.P. Vaughan and H.J. Estanislau (1987), “ Perinatal mortality in southern Brazil: a population based study of 7,392 births ” in Bulletin of the World Health Organization Vol.65, No.1, pages 95-104 .

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Benzeval, M. , K. Judge and M. Whitehead (1995), Tackling Inequalities in Health: An Agenda for Action, Kings Fund, London .

Bradley, D. , C. Stephens , T. Harpham and S Cairncross (1992), A Review of Environmental Health Impacts in Developing Country Cities, Urban Management Programme Discussion Paper No. 6, The World Bank, UNDP and UNCHS (Habitat), Washington DC .

Cairncross, S. and J. Kinnear (1992), “ Elasticity of demand for water in Khartoum, Sudan ” in Social Science and Medicine Vol.34, No.2, pages 183-189 .

Cornea, G.A. , R. Jolly and F. Stewart (1987), Adjustment with a Human Face, Clarendon Press, Oxford .

Feinstein, J.S. (1993), “ The relationship between socio-economic status and health: a review of the literature ” in The Milbank Quarterly Vol.71, No.2, pages 279-322 .

Friedmann, J. (1992), Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development, Blackwell Publications, Oxford .

Gillis, L.S. , M. Welman , A. Koch and M. Joyi (1991), “ Psychological distress and depression in urbanizing elderly black persons ” in South African Medical Journal Vol.79, pages 490-495 .

Hameed, K. , M. Kadir , T. Gibson , S. Sultana , Z. Fatima and A. Syed (1995), “ The frequency of known diabetes, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease in affluent and poor urban populations of Karachi, Pakistan ” in Diabetic Medicine Vol.12, pages 500-503 .

Hardoy, J.E. , S. Cairncross and D. Satterthwaite (editors) (1990), The Poor Die Young: Housing and Health in the Third World Cities, Earthscan Publications, London .

Hardoy, J.E. and D. Satterthwaite (1989) Squatter Citizen: Life in the Urban Third World, Earthscan Publications, London .

Hardoy, J.E. and D. Satterthwaite (1991), “ Environmental problems of Third World cities: a global issue ignored? ” in Public Administration and Development Vol.11, pages 341-361 .

Harpham, T. , T. Lusty and P. Vaughan (1988), In the Shadow of the City: Community Health and the Urban Poor, Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford .

Harpham, T. and C. Stephens (1991), “ Urbanization and health in developing countries ” in World Health Statistics Quarterly Vol.44, No.4, pages 62-69 .

Harpham, T. (1994), “ Urbanization and mental health in developing countries: a research role for social scientists, public health professionals and social psychiatrists ” in Social Science and Medicine Vol.39, No.2, pages 233-245 .

Harpham, T. and I. Blue (editors) (1995), Urbanization and Mental Health in Developing Countries, Avebury, Aldershot .

Harpham, T. and M. Tanner (editors) (1995), Urban Health in Developing Countries: Progress and Prospects, Earthscan Publications, London .

Hennekens, C.H. and J.E. Buring (1987), Epidemiology in Medicine, Little, Brown and Company, Boston .

Manton, K.G. , C.H. Patrick and K.W. Johnson (1987), “ Health differentials between blacks and whites: recent trends in mortality and morbidity ” in The Milbank Quarterly Vol.65, Supplement No.1, pages 129-199 .

McCord, M. and H.P. Freeman (1990), “ Excess mortality in Harlem ” in The New England Journal of Medicine Vol.322, No.3, pages 173-177 .

Ogoh Alubo, S. (1990), “ Debt crisis, health and health services in Africa ” in Social Science and Medicine Vol.31, No.6, pages 639-648 .

Penna, M.L.F. and M.P. Duchiade (1991), “ Air pollution and infant mortality from pneumonia in the Rio de Janiero metropolitan area ” in Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization Vol.25, pages 47-54 .

Pryer, J. (1993), “ The impact of adult illhealth on household income and nutrition in Khulna, Bangladesh ” in Environment & Urbanization Vol.5, No.2, pages 35-49 .

Reichenheim, M.E. and T. Harpham (1989), “ Child health in a Brazilian squatter settlement: acute infections and associated risk factors ” in Journal of Tropical Paediatrics Vol.35, pages 315-320 .

Reichenheim, M.E. and T. Harpham (1991a), “ Maternal mental health in a squatter settlement in Rio de Janeiro ” in British Journal of Psychiatry Vol.159, pages 683-690 .

Reichenheim, M.E. and T. Harpham (1991b), “ Child accidents and associated risk factors in a Brazilian squatter settlement ” in Health Policy and Planning Vol.4, No.2, pages 162-167 .

Rossi-Espagnet, A. (1984), Primary Health Care in Urban Areas: Reaching the Urban Poor in Developing Countries, UNICEF and WHO, Report No.2499M, World Health Organization, Geneva .

Rossi-Espagnet, A. , G.B. Goldstein and I. Tabibzadeh (1991), “ Urbanization and health in developing countries: a challenge for health for all ” in World Health Statistics Quarterly, Vol.44, No.4, pages 185-244 .

Sanders, D. and A. Sambo (1991), “ AIDS in Africa: the implications of economic recession and structural adjustment ” in Health Policy and Planning Vol.6, No.2, pages 157-165 .

Satterthwaite, D. (1993), “ The impact of health on urban environments ” in Environment & Urbanization, Vol.5, No.2, pages 87-111 .

Songsore, J. and G. McGranahan (1993), “ Environment, wealth and health: towards an analysis of intra-urban differentials within Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana ” in Environment & Urbanization Vol.5, No.2, pages 10-34 .

Stephens, C. and T. Harpham (1991), Slum improvement: Health Improvement?,Public Health and Policy Departmental Publication No.1, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London.

Stephens, C. and T. Harpham (1992), “ Health and environment in urban areas of developing countries ” in Third World Planning Review Vol.14, No.3, pages 267-282 .

Stephens, C. , I. Timaeus , M. Akerman , S. Avle , P.B. Maia , P. Campanario , B. Doe , L. Lush , D. Tetteh and T. Harpham (1994), Environment and Health in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Intra-Urban Differentials Using Existing Data, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London.

Stephens, C. , G. McGranahan , M. Bobak , A. Fletcher and G. Leonardi (1996). “Urban environment and human health” in World Resources 1996-1997: A Guide to the Global Environment, published by the World Resources Institute, UN Environment Programme, UNDP and the World Bank , pages 31-55.

Surjadi, C. (1993), “ Respiratory diseases of mothers and children and environmental factors among households in Jakarta ” in Environment & Urbanization Vol.5, No.2, pages 78-86 .

Tabibzadeh, I. , A. Rossi-Espagnet and R. Maxwell (1989), Spotlight on the Cities: Improving Urban Health in Developing Countries, World Health Organization, Geneva .

Townsend, P. and N. Davidson (editors) (1982), The Black Report on Inequalities in Health, Penguin Books, London .

United Nations Children’s Fund (1994), Central and Eastern Europe in Transition, Public Policy and Social Conditions: Crisis in Mortality, Health and Nutrition, Economies in Transition Studies: Regional Monitoring report No.2, UNICEF International Child Development Centre, Florence .

United Nations Development Programme (1994), The Human Development Report, UNDP, New York .

Victora, C.G. , P.G. Smith , J.P. Vaughan , L.C. Nobre , C. Lombardi , A.M.B. Teixeira , S.C. Fuchs , L.B. Moreira , L.P. Gigante and F.C. Barros (1988), “ Water supply, sanitation and housing in relation to the risk of infant mortality from diarrhoea ” in International Journal of Epidemiology Vol.17, No.3, pages 651-654 .

Watt, G.C.M. and R. Ecob (1992), “ Mortality in Glasgow and Edinburgh: a paradigm of inequality in health ” in Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health Vol.46, pages 498-505 .

Watt, G.C.M. (1996), “ All together now: why social deprivation matters to everyone ” in British Medical Journal Vol.312, 20 April, pages 1026-1029 .

Whitehead, M. (1988), The Health Divide in Inequalities in Health, Penguin Books, London , pages 217-356.

Wilkinson, R.G. (1994), Unfair Shares: The Effects of Widening Income Differences on the Welfare of the Young, Barnardo’s, Ilford .

World Health Organization (1995), The World Health Report: Bridging the Gaps, Report of the Director General, World Health Organization, Geneva .

World Resources Institute (1996), World Resources 1996-1997: A Guide to the Global Environment, published by the World Resources Institute, UN Environment Programme, UNDP and the World Bank, Washington DC .

Yach, D. , C. Mathews and E. Buch (1990), “ Urbanization and health: methodological difficulties in undertaking epidemiological research in developing countries ” in Social Science and Medicine Vol.31, No.4, pages 507-514 .