In Mumbai, new forms of cooperation between local government and citizens seek to improve local representation and the quality of services. This paper examines which residents are represented or excluded in these arrangements, the mandates and processes by which the arrangements are negotiated and the outcomes. Local representation through elected councillors is compared with that through voluntary neighbourhood groups (Advanced Locality Management groups, or ALMs), which work with the executive wing of local government. ALMs, involving middle-class groups, work on environmental, security and upgrading issues. They are expanding their claim to both political and public space, often excluding “unwanted” people. Elected councillors are channels mainly for low-income groups, addressing issues relevant to municipal services but also responding to personal grievances and concerns. Conflict between political representatives and their parties and ALMs is not unusual. Both of these “negotiated spaces” give citizens some way of holding government to account, although middle-class citizens are finding greater scope for action.
Baud, Isa (2004), Learning from the South; Placing Governance in International Development Studies, Inaugural Lecture, University of Amsterdam, June, 35 pages.
2.
Baud, Isa, Johan Post and Christine Furedy (2004), Solid Waste Management and Recycling; Actors, Partnerships and Policies in Hyderabad, India and Nairobi, Kenya, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, London, New York , 303 pages.
3.
Cornwall, Andrea (2004), "Introduction: new democratic spaces? The politics and dynamics of institutionalized participation", IDS Bulletin Vol 35, No 2, pages 1-10.
4.
de Wit, Joop (1997), Poverty, Policy, and Politics in Madras Slums: Dynamics of Survival, Gender and Leadership, Sage Publications , Delhi, 306 pages.
5.
Desai, Padma (2006), "Slum adoption programme: background paper", IDPAD Project Paper, New Forms of Urban Governance, Mumbai .
6.
Fernandes, Leela (2006), India's New Middle Class: Democratic Politics in an Era of Economic Reform, University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis, 320 pages.
7.
Frontline (2005), Vol 22, No 16, July 30-August 12.
8.
Fung, Archon and Erik Wright (2003), Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovation in Empowered Participatory Governance, Verso, London, 310 pages.
9.
Gaventa, John (2006), "Triumph, deficit of contestation? Deepening the `deepening democracy' debate", Working Paper 264, IDS, Brighton.
10.
Harris, Nigel (2003), "Globalization and management of cities", Economic and Political Weekly Vol 48, No 25, pages 2535-2543.
11.
Harriss, John (2007), "Antinomies of empowerment, observations on civil society, politics and urban governance in India", Economic and Political Weekly Vol XLII, No 26, pages 2716-2724.
12.
Kabeer, Naila (2002), "Citizenship, affiliation and exclusion: perspectives from the South", IDS Bulletin Vol 33, No 2, pages 12-23.
13.
Kooiman, Jan (2003), Governing as Governance, Sage Publications, Palo Alto, 264 pages.
14.
Luckham, Robin, Anne-Marie Goetz and Mary Kaldor (2000), "Democratic institutions and politics in contexts of inequality, poverty and conflict: a conceptual framework", IDS Working Paper 104, IDS, Brighton.
15.
Nainan, Navtej (2001), "Negotiating for participation by NGOs in the city of Mumbai", MSc thesis, Institute of Housing and Urban Development Studies, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
16.
Nainan, Navtej (2006), "Parallel universes; quasi-legal networks in Mumbai governance", Paper presented at the seminar on Urban Governance in an International Perspective, January 7, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
17.
Pacione, Michael (2006), "Mumbai", Cities Vol 23, No 3, pages 229-238.
18.
Patel, Sheela, Celine d'Cruz and Sunder Burra (2002), "Beyond evictions in a global city: people-managed resettlement in Mumbai", Environment and Urbanization Vol 14, No 1, April, pages 159-172.
19.
Pierre, Jon and G. Peters (2000), Governance, Politics and the State, St Martin's Press, New York, 256 pages.
20.
Pinto, Marina (2008), "Urban governance in India - spotlight on Mumbai ", in Isa Baud and Joop de Wit (editors), New Forms of Urban Governance in India: Shifts, Models, Networks and Contestations, Sage Publications, New Delhi.
21.
Ramanathan, Usha (2006), "Illegality and the urban poor", Economic and Political Weekly Vol 51, July 22, pages 3193-3197.
22.
Ramanathan, Usha and Veronique Dupont (2005), "The courts and the squatter settlements in Delhi - or the interventions of the judiciary in urban governance ", Paper from the IDPAD conference, January, New Delhi.
23.
Rath, Anita (2006), "Fiscal federalism and megacity finances: the greater Mumbai case", Paper presented at a conference on New Forms of Urban Governance in Indian Megacities, June 20-21, New Delhi.
24.
Redkar, Seema (2004), "New management tools for the solid waste of Mumbai: some concerns", Paper presented at IDPAD conference on Initiating New Forms of Urban Governance, January, New Delhi.
25.
Risbud, Neela (2003), "The case of Mumbai", Report for Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003, School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi.
26.
Sivaramakrishnan, K.C., Amitabh Kundu and B.N. Singh (2005), Urbanization in India, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 232 pages.
27.
van Eerd, Maartje (2008), Local Initiatives in Relocation: The State and NGOs as Partners?, Sage Publications, Delhi, 361 pages.
28.
van Wersch, H. (1992), The Bombay Textile Strike, 1982- 83, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 496 pages.
29.
Vogel, T. (2005), "Post-74th constitutional amendment governance in Mumbai: how and to what extent does this brand of decentralization and affirmative action benefit the intended?", MSc thesis, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
30.
Vogel, Tara (2007), "Reservation in India and substantive gender equality: a Mumbai case study", International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities and Nations Vol 7, No 5, pages 27-42.
31.
World Bank (2003), World Development Report. Delivering Services Effectively for the Poor, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 288 pages.
32.
www.agnimumbai.org.
33.
www.Karmayog.com.
34.
Zerah, Marie-Helène (2006), "Assessing surfacing collective action in Mumbai - a case study of solid waste management", Paper presented at workshop on Actors, Policies and Urban Governance in Mumbai, 23 February 2006, Mumbai.
