1. Hulme, D, K Moore and A Shepherd (2002), “Chronic poverty: meanings and analytical frameworks”, Working Paper 2, Chronic Poverty Research Centre, University of Manchester, UK.

2. Kedir, A and A McKay (2005), “Chronic poverty in urban Ethiopia: panel data evidence”, International Planning Studies Vol 10, No 1, pages 49-69.

3. Environment and Urbanization Vol 7, No 1 (1995): “Urban poverty: characteristics, causes and consequences”; also Environment and Urbanization Vol 7, No 2 (1995): “Urban poverty II: from understanding to action”.

4. Mitlin, Diana (2005), “Understanding chronic poverty in urban areas”, International Planning Studies Vol 10, No 1, pages 2-20.

5. Chronic Poverty Research Centre (2004), The Chronic Poverty Report 2004-05, CPRC, University of Manchester, UK.

6. Normally used to refer to the way in which parents are unable to provide adequate development opportunities for their children. Hence the “reverse” occurs when children are unable to provide for their parents.

7. Rakodi, Carole and Clement R Leduka (2005), “Informal land delivery processes and access to land for the poor: a comparative study of six African cities”, Policy Brief 6, International Development Department, School of Public Policy, Birmingham, UK.

8. The April 2006 issue of Environment and Urbanization will have two papers on HIV/AIDS in urban areas, and their developmental impacts.

9. Community Organization Urban Resource Centre (2005), “Profiles of informal settlements within the Johannesburg metropole”, COURC, Cape Town.

10. Mitlin, Diana. (2003) “The economic and social processes influencing the level and nature of chronic poverty in urban areas”, Working Paper 29, Chronic Poverty Research Centre, accessed at www.chronicpoverty.org

Chronic Poverty in Urban Areas

Abstract