In this study, we have innovatively proposed a method of in-situ synthesized TiC hard phase to improve the surface mechanical properties of artificial joint materials (Ti6Al4V). In order to explore the optimum graphene oxide (GO) addition, GO/Ti6Al4V composite powders with different proportions (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt.%) were prepared. The homogeneously dispersed GO/Ti6Al4V composite powder was prepared on Ti6Al4V substrate by laser cladding technology. The microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical behavior of GO/Ti6Al4V composite coatings were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope (OM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), tribometer, hardness tester, and surface profiler. The results showed that the addition of GO could significantly improve the mechanical properties of TC4 substrate. During the preparation of the coating, the grain size of in-situ TiC phase was nanoscale and was distributed between acicular martensite, which played a critical role in enhancing the mechanical properties of the coating. The TiC phase distributed between acicular martensite refine the grain size of phase and improve the cutting resistance of the coating. Nevertheless, excessive GO decreased the fluidity of the molten pool, and micro holes tended to generate in the coating, which had a negative impact on the mechanical properties of the coating. At the GO content of 0.5 wt.%, the microhardness of the GO/Ti6Al4V coating was 1.325 times that of pure Ti6Al4V. Under the friction environment of simulated body fluid solution, the average friction coefficient was approximately 0.307 and the wear rate decreased to 3.5 × 10−7 mm3/N · m.
MorkmuedSClaussFSchuhbaurB, et al. Deficiency of the SMOC2 matricellular protein impairs bone healing and produces age-dependent bone loss. Sci Rep2020; 10(1): 1–14.
2.
CarpenterRSMarbourgJMBrennanFH, et al. Spinal cord injury causes chronic bone marrow failure. Nat Commun2020; 11(1): 1–13.
3.
LiuDNMaZCZhaoHW, et al. Nano-indentation of biomimetic artificial bone material based on porous Ti6Al4V substrate with Fe22Co22Ni22Ti22Al12 high entropy alloy coating. Mater Today Commun2021; 28: 102659.
4.
LinPZhangRWangX, et al. Articular cartilage inspired bilayer tough hydrogel prepared by interfacial modulated polymerization showing excellent combination of high load-bearing and low friction performance. ACS Macro Lett2016; 5: 1191–1195.
5.
LiuDNMaZCZhangW, et al. Superior antiwear biomimetic artificial joint based on high-entropy alloy coating on porous Ti6Al4V. Tribo Int2021; 158: 106937.
6.
ZhangBPeiXZhouC, et al. The biomimetic design and 3D printing of customized mechanical properties porous Ti6Al4V scaffold for load-bearing bone reconstruction. Mater Des2018; 152: 30–39.
7.
LiGWangLPanW, et al. In vitro and in vivo study of additive manufactured porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds for repairing bone defects. Sci Rep2016; 6: 34072.
8.
MahajanADevganSSidhuSS. Surface alteration of biomedical alloys by electrical discharge treatment for enhancing the electrochemical corrosion, tribological and biological performances. Surf Coat Technol2021; 405:126583.
9.
KaurMSinghM. Review on titanium and titanium based alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications. Mater Sci Eng C2019; 102: 844–862.
10.
KokuboTKimHMKawashitaM. Novel bioactive materials with different mechanical properties. Biomaterials2003; 24(13): 2161–2175.
11.
VeerachamySHameedPSenD, et al. Studies on mechanical, biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of plasma sprayed nano/micron ceramic bilayered coatings on Ti–6Al–4V alloy for biomedical application. J Nanosci Nanotechnol2018; 18(7): 4515–4523.
12.
WangSLiaoZHLiuYH, et al. The Tribological behaviors of three films coated on biomedical titanium alloy by chemical vapor deposition. J Mater Eng Perform2015; 24(11): 4462–4474.
13.
SarrafMRazakBANasiri-TabriziB, et al. Nanomechanical properties, wear resistance and in-vitro characterization of Ta2O5 nanotubes coating on biomedical grade Ti–6Al–4V. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater2017; 66: 159–171.
14.
DasMBallaVKBasuD, et al. Laser processing of SiC-particle-reinforced coating on titanium. Scr Mater2010; 63(4): 438–441.
15.
NavasCColaçoRDamboreneaJD, et al. Abrasive wear behaviour of laser clad and flame sprayed-melted NiCrBSi coatings. Surf Coat Technol2006; 200(24): 6854–6862.
16.
ZhangLZZhaoZYBaiPK, et al. EBSD investigation on microstructure evolution of in-situ synthesized TiC/Ti6Al4V composite coating. Mater Lett2021; 290: 129449.
17.
TianYSChenCZ. Microstructures and wear properties of in situ formed composite coatings produced by laser alloying technique. Mater Lett2007; 61(3): 635–638.
18.
CandelJJJimenezJAFranconettiP. Effect of laser irradiation on failure mechanism of TiCp reinforced titanium composite coating produced by laser cladding. J Mater Process Technol2014; 214: 2325–2332.
19.
NovoselovKSGeimAKMorozovSV, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science2004; 306: 666–669.
20.
PaulGHiraniHKuilaT, et al. Nanolubricants dispersed with graphene and its derivatives: an assessment and review of the tribological performance. Nanoscale2019; 11(8): 3458–3483.
21.
ChenXLiJ. Superlubricity of carbon nanostructures. Carbon2020; 158: 1–23.
22.
ZhangLZZhaoZYBaiPK, et al. In-situ synthesis of TiC/graphene/Ti6Al4V composite coating by laser cladding. Mater Lett2020; 271: 127787–127791.
23.
BrandRA. Joint contact stress: a reasonable surrogate for biological processes?Iowa Orthop J2005; 25: 82–94.
24.
UnsworthA. Recent developments in the tribology of artificial joints. Tribol Int1995; 28: 485–495.
25.
LiuJLiuDFLiSC, et al. The effects of graphene oxide doping on the friction and wear properties of TiN bioinert ceramic coatings prepared using wide-band laser cladding. Surf Coat Technol2023; 458: 129354.
26.
OyaneAOnumaKItoA, et al. Formation and growth of clusters in conventional and new kinds of simulated body fluids. J Biomed Mater Res A2003; 64A(2): 339–348.
27.
ChenCMeipingWRuiH, et al. Understanding Stellite-6 coating prepared by laser cladding: convection and columnar-to-equiaxed transition. Opt Laser Technol2022; 149: 107885.
28.
Al-BermaniSSBlackmoreMLZhangW, et al. The origin of microstructural diversity, texture, and mechanical properties in electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V. Metall Mater Trans A2010; 41(13): 3422–3434.
29.
PeguesJWShaoSShamsaeiN, et al. Fatigue of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Part I: the effects of powder feedstock, manufacturing, and post-process conditions on the resulting microstructure and defects. Int J Fatigue2020; 132: 105358.
30.
AhmedTRackHJ. Phase transformations during cooling in α+β titanium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A1998; 243(1): 206–211.
31.
HuntJD. Steady state columnar and equiaxed growth of dendrites and eutectic. Mater Sci Eng1984; 65(1): 75–83.
32.
CuiCWuMPMiaoXJ, et al. The effect of laser energy density on the geometric characteristics, microstructure and corrosion resistance of Co-based coatings by laser cladding. J Mater Res Technol2021; 15: 2405–2418.
33.
Ter HaarGMBeckerTH. Selective laser melting produced Ti-6Al-4V: post-process heat treatments to achieve superior tensile properties. Materials2018; 11(1): 146.
34.
ZhaoTZhangSZhouFQ, et al. Microstructure evolution and properties of in-situ TiC reinforced titanium matrix composites coating by plasma transferred arc welding (PTAW). Surf Coat Tech2021; 424: 127637.
35.
LiangJYinXYLinZY, et al. Effects of LaB6 on microstructure evolution and properties of in-situ synthetic TiC+TiBx reinforced titanium matrix composite coatings prepared by laser cladding. Surf Coat Tech2020; 403: 126409.
36.
LiuYNYangLJYangXJ, et al. Optimization of microstructure and properties of composite coatings by laser cladding on titanium alloy. Ceram Int2021; 47(2): 2230–2243.
37.
LiuYFGeXYLiJJ. Graphene lubrication. Appl Mater Today2020; 20: 100662.
38.
WuLLiuLZhanQ, et al. Morphology, microstructure and tribological properties of anodic films formed on Ti10V2Fe3Al alloy in different electrolytes. Rare Metals2021; 40: 2905–2916.
39.
DuszaJCsanádiTMedveďD, et al. Nanoindentation and tribology of a (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb-Ti)C high-entropy carbide. J Eur Ceram Soc2021; 41: 5417–5426.
40.
TorresHPodgornikBJovičević-KlugM, et al. Compatibility of graphite, hBN and graphene with self-lubricating coatings and tool steel for high temperature aluminium forming. Wear2022; 490–491: 204187.
41.
YangWLDiaoHXinH, et al. Wear assessment of a Ti–6Al–4V motion-preserving porous artificial-cervical-joint fabricated by SLM after surface carburization. Ceram Int2022; 48: 26137–26146.
