The objective of the study is to model a system which can effectively prevent the collision between space debris and spacecraft by robust design and algorithms of the system. The location and trajectory of the debris field at each and every instant are tracked with the help of image processing. The Voronoi diagram and Dijkstra’s algorithm are utilized to determine the alternate orbits for the spacecraft in order to avert the collision. The discrete subsystem, namely, orbit determination system, orbit maneuvering system, and reaction control system, is modeled and simulated using the Simulink platform. The collision avoidance system employs the most energy-efficient Hohmann maneuver to find the alternate orbits for spacecraft between circular orbits. The simulation results shown from the present work clearly evidences the effectiveness of collision avoidance. The present collision avoidance system always determines the safe and fuel economic trajectory for spacecraft independent of human interference.
LiouJ-C. An active debris removal parametric study for leo environment remediation. Adv Space Res2011; 47(11): 1865–1876.
2.
KesslerDJCour-PalaisBG. Collision frequency of artificial satellites: the creation of a debris belt. J Geophys Res1978; 83(A6): 2637–2646.
3.
Anz-MeadorPD. Orbital Debris Quarterly News, 2020.
4.
JarryABonnalCDupontC, et al.Srm plume: a candidate as space debris braking system for just-in-time collision avoidance maneuver. Acta Astronautica2019; 158: 185–197.
5.
FosterJLStansberyEG, Fundamentals of debris collision avoidance. In: IAA–5 54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law, Bremen, Germany, 29 September 2003–03 October 2003.
6.
HeimerdingerDJ. Orbital debris and associated space flight risks. In: Proceedings Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium 2005, Alexandria, VA, USA, 24–27 Jan. 2005, 508–513.
7.
FluryW. The space debris environment of the earth. Earth, Moon, and Planets1995; 70(1–3): 79–91.
8.
Abdel-AzizYA. An analytical theory for avoidance collision between space debris and operating satellites in leo. Appl Math Model2013; 37: 8283–8291.
9.
LetiziaFColomboCLewisHG. Collision probability due to space debris clouds through a continuum approach. J Guidance, Control Dyn2016; 39: 2240–2249.
10.
AnsdellM. Active space debris removal: needs, implications, and recommendations for today’s geopolitical environment. J Public Int Aff2010; 21: 7–22.
11.
McInnesC. An analytical model for the catastrophic production of orbital debris. ESA J1993; 17(4): 293–305.
12.
KatoA. Comparison of national space debris mitigation standards. Adv Space Res2001; 28(9): 1447–1456.
13.
KlinkradHBeltramiPHauptmannS, et al.The esa space debris mitigation handbook 2002. Adv Space Res2004; 34(5): 1251–1259.
14.
AdimurthyVGaneshanAS. Space debris mitigation measures in india. Acta Astronautica2006; 58(3): 168–174.
15.
ShanMGuoJGillE. Review and comparison of active space debris capturing and removal methods. Prog Aerospace Sci2016; 80: 18–32.
16.
CastronuovoMM. Active space debris removal—a preliminary mission analysis and design. Acta Astronautica2011; 69 (9): 848–859.
17.
DeLucaLTBernelliFMaggiF, et al.Active space debris removal by a hybrid propulsion module. Acta Astronautica2013; 91: 20–33.
18.
EbisuzakiTQuinnMNWadaS. Demonstration designs for the remediation of space debris from the international space station. Acta Astronautica2015; 112: 102–113.
19.
SeongJ-DKimH-D. Optimization of collision avoidance maneuver planning for cluster satellites in space debris explosion situation. Proc Inst Mech Eng G: J Aerospace Eng2018; 232(3): 407–422.
20.
ScharfDPAcikmeseABPloenSR, et al.A direct solution for fuel-optimal reactive collision avoidance of collaborating spacecraft. American Control Conference, Minneapolis, MN, 14–16 June 2006, p. 6.
21.
MartinieCBarboniENavarreD, et al.Multi-models-based engineering of collaborative systems: application to collision avoidance operations for spacecraft, EICS '14: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems, Roma, Italy, 17–20 June 2014.
22.
AilorWHPetersonGE, Collision avoidance as a debris mitigation measure, in: IAA-5, 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 4–8 October 2004.
23.
SalesJW. Trajectory Optimization for Spacecraft Collision Avoidance. Theises, Air Force Institute of Technology, 2013.
24.
HuQDongHZhangY, et al.Tracking control of spacecraft formation flying with collision avoidance, Aerospace Sci Techn2015; 42: 353–364.
25.
AnX-BQiZ-HJiY-W, et al.The strategy of collision avoidance between missile and space debris based on genetic algorithm. In: 2006International Conference on Information System and Artificial Intelligence (ISAI), Hong Kong, China, 24–26 June 2016. IEEE, 618–621.
26.
LeeKParkCParkS-Y. Near-optimal guidance and control for space-craft collision avoidance maneuvers.In: AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference 2014, San Diego, CA, 4–7 August 2014.
27.
CarlJRArndtGDBourgoiseBA, et al.Space-borne radar detection of orbital debris. In: Proceedings of GLOBECOM ’93. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Houston, TX, USA, 29 November-2 December 1993; 2: 939–943.
28.
VilasFCollinsMKramerP, et al.Collision Warning and Avoidance Considerations for the Space Shuttle and Space Station Freedom. AIAA PAPER 90-1337.
29.
LaghezzaFBerizziFCapriaA, et al.Italian bistatic radar system for surveillance of space debris in low earth orbit. In: 2010 IEEE Radar Conference, Arlington, VA, USA, 10–14 May 2010, pp. 220–224.
30.
FelicettiLEmamiMR. A multi-spacecraft formation approach to space debris surveillance, Acta Astronautica2016; 127: 491–504.
31.
QiYJiaY. Active collision avoidance manoeuvre design based on equidistant interpolation, Acta Astronautica2011; 69 (11): 987–996.
32.
WangSSchaubH. Spacecraft collision avoidance using coulomb forces with separation distance and rate feedback. J Guidance, Control Dyn2008; 31(3): 740–750.
33.
MehrholzDLeushackeLFluryW, et al.Detecting, tracking and imaging space debris. ESA Bull2002; 109: 128–134.
34.
S´anchez-OrtizNBell´o-MoraMKlinkradH. Collision avoidance manoeuvres during spacecraft mission lifetime: risk reduction and required δv. Adv Space Res2006; 38(9): 2107–2116.
35.
CurtisHD. Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students. Elsevier, 2005, pp. 194–202. Ch. 5.
36.
NASA. Shuttle Crew Operations Manual.Ch. 2.22
37.
KayH. A qualitative model of the space shuttle reaction control system. Tech Rep. Citeseer, 1992.
