The current research explores a unique, low-cost, optimal blend of watermelon seed biodiesel (WSB), isopentanol (IP), and turmeric oil (TO). The best approach, technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), blends from various sample tests considered are WSB5IP15TO2500 and WSB15IP15TO2500. The optimal blends obtained are further investigated using zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) at various quantities to ascertain the final ideal for improved emissions and performance during preheating at 45 °C and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) of 20%. The research employs the response surface methodology (RSM) technique to identify the ultimate optimum, WSB5IP15TO2500 + 100 ZnO, from the TOPSIS best blends and nano-additives (TiO2 and ZnO). RSM optimal results to experimental results reach a maximum negligible error of 4.7% only. The RSM combined desirability is 0.96, indicating accuracy. The RSM experimental results with diesel results reduce 39.3% in nitrogen oxides, 31.8% in smoke, 23% in hydrocarbon, 13.6% in carbon monoxide, 7.7% in brake-specific energy consumption, 4.1% in carbon dioxide, and a 2.7% increase in brake thermal efficiency. The results conclude that the blend WSB5IP15TO2500 + 100 ZnO at EGR 20% and preheat 45 °C most effectively replaces standard diesel.
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