In recent decades, hybrid nanofluids have garnered significant attention from researchers as a dynamic and innovative research area. These fluids, which combine nanoparticles with base fluids, are notable for their exceptional properties like high thermal conductivity and stability, making them valuable for various applications, including electronics cooling, automotive industries, and solar thermal systems. This advanced review rigorously assesses the latest research on hybrid nanofluids, shedding light on unique insights into their thermophysical properties and design approaches. The first section of the article summarizes existing research based on experimental studies, emphasizing techniques such as thermal conductivity measurement and viscosity analysis. The subsequent sections explore numerical and analytical investigations using methods like the finite element method, finite difference method, and finite volume method, alongside analytical approaches like the homotopy analysis method, Akbari–Ganji method, and homotopy perturbation method to assess heat transfer performance and efficiency. Concrete findings from the literature review indicate significant improvements in heat transfer efficiency, with reported enhancements of up to 35%. Finally, the existing challenges with these hybrid nanofluids, such as stability and dispersion, are highlighted, providing insights for future research directions in optimizing hybrid nanofluids for various thermal applications.
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