As a carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs), ammonia (NH3) is gaining popularity in global decarbonization and sustainable transportation initiatives. Ammonia reduces CO2 emissions due to its hydrogen-rich composition and minimal carbon content. Its use in combustion engines presents unique and complex emission challenges that differ from those of hydrocarbon fuels. Unburned ammonia (NH3 slip), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and nitrous oxide (N2O) pose significant environmental, health, and regulatory risks. This comprehensive evaluation examines emissions from ammonia-fueled engines. It reviews recent literature on combustion behavior, pollutant formation processes, and advanced aftertreatment technologies. Dual-fuel strategies, such as ammonia-hydrogen and ammonia-diesel, and their impacts on flame propagation, emissions control, and fuel reactivity are discussed. The paper also considers the performance and selectivity of SCR systems, AMOX catalysts, and AI-driven adaptive control frameworks. Tables, statistics, and performance graphs illustrate emission trends, thermal management requirements, and trade-offs across different operating conditions. The durability, regeneration, and poisoning resistance of catalytic materials in real-world applications are thoroughly examined. Researchers, engineers, and policymakers can utilize this mini-review to identify potential obstacles in developing clean, efficient, and scalable ammonia-powered vehicle systems.
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