In this study, the formulation of nano lubricants is undertaken through the utilization of SAE20W40 engine oil and surface-activated praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11). An analysis is conducted on the impact of concentration profile (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 wt.%) on various physio-chemical properties, including stability, viscosity, fire and flash point, calorific value, acid value, and iodine value of the nano lubricants. The wear rate and coefficient of friction are determined through the utilization of a pin-on-disc tribometer for all the synthesized nano lubricants. A comprehensive examination on the attributes of the synthesized nano lubricants is presented by means of informative images and graphs obtained from SEM, EDS, TEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and DSC. It is revealed that the lubricant oil containing 0.3 wt.% of Pr6O11 demonstrates superior performance when compared to the base lubricant.
Hernández BattezAGonzálezRViescaJL, et al. CuO, ZrO2 and ZnO nanoparticles as antiwear additive in oil lubricants. Wear2008; 265(3–4): 422–428.
2.
FumingKXincongZJianH, et al. Tribological properties of nitrile rubber/UHMWPE/Nano-MoS2 water-lubricated bearing material under low speed and heavy duty. J Tribol2018; 140(6): 061301.
3.
HorngJ-HYuC-CChenY-Y. Tribological characteristics and load-sharing of point-contact interface in three-body mixed lubrication. J Tribol2021; 144(5): 052201.
4.
SinghHSinghPBhowmickH. Influence of MoS2, H3BO3, and MWCNT additives on the dry and lubricated sliding tribology of AMMC–steel contacts. J Tribol2018; 140(4): 041801.
5.
SinghJKumarDTandonN. Tribological and vibration studies on newly developed nanocomposite greases under boundary lubrication regime. J Tribol2017; 140(3): 032001.
6.
RashedANabhanA. Effects of TiO2 and SiO2 nano additive to engine lubricant oils on tribological properties at different temperatures. In: 20th International Conference on Aerospace, Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering (ICAMAME 2018), Rome, Italy, 2018.
7.
Hemmat EsfeMAfrandMRostamianSH, et al. Examination of rheological behavior of MWCNTs/ZnO-SAE40 hybrid nano-lubricants under various temperatures and solid volume fractions. Exp Therm Fluid Sci2017; 80: 384–390.
8.
AliMKAXianjunHMaiL, et al. Improving the tribological characteristics of piston ring assembly in automotive engines using Al2O3 and TiO2 nanomaterials as nano-lubricant additives. Tribol Int2016; 103: 540–554.
9.
AdelekanDSOhunakinOSGillJ, et al. Experimental performance of a safe charge of LPG refrigerant enhanced with varying concentrations of TiO2 nano-lubricant in a domestic refrigerator. J Therm Anal Calorim2018; 136(6): 2439–2448.
10.
KarthikeyanKMBVijayanandJArunK, et al. Thermophysical and wear properties of eco-friendly nano lubricants. Mater Today Proc2021; 39: 285–291.
11.
Zeinali HerisSRazbaniMAEstelléP, et al. Rheological behavior of zinc-oxide nanolubricants. J Dispersion Sci Technol2014; 36(8): 1073–1079.
12.
KotiaAGhoshGKSrivastavaI, et al. Mechanism for improvement of friction/wear by using Al2O3 and SiO2/Gear oil nanolubricants. J Alloys Compd2019; 782: 592–599.
13.
JaveedAJohnBManaAP. Tribological performance of engine oil with graphene oxide nano additives on cylinder liner honing surface at high contact pressure. Mater Today Proc2021; 45: 4008–4011.
14.
PanickarRSobhanCBChakravortiS. Investigations on tribological properties of non-catalytic CVD synthesized carbon spheres in lubricant. Diamond Relat Mater2020; 106: 107834.
15.
RajkumarRMKiruthigaKIndujaS, et al. Studies on tribological behaviour of ZnO nanorods suspended in SAE 20w 40 engine oil. Solid State Commun2021; 328: 114235.
16.
ThachnatharenNKhalidMArulrajA, et al. Tribological performance of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as nano-additives in military grade diesel engine oil. Mater Today Proc2022; 50: 70–73.
17.
CharooMSWaniMF. Tribological properties of IF-MoS2 nanoparticles as lubricant additive on cylinder liner and piston ring tribo-pair. Tribol Ind2016; 38(2): 156–162.
18.
PownrajCArasuAV. A comprehensive investigation on wear and thermo-physical properties of bio- char/SAE20W40 nanolubricant. Biomass Conv Bioref Epub ahead of print 4 January 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02157-7
19.
Pena-ParasLMaldonado-CortesDTaha-TijerinaJ, et al. Experimental evaluation of the tribological behaviour of CeO2 nanolubricants under extreme pressures. Mater Sci Eng2018; 400: 072003.
20.
SajeebARajendrakumarPK. Tribological assessment of vegetable oil based CeO2/CuO hybrid nano-lubricant. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology2020; 234(12): 1940–1956.
21.
AliMKAXianjunH. Exploring the lubrication mechanism of CeO2 nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil by bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as a novel antiwear additive. Tribol Int2022; 165: 107321.
22.
LuoTWeiXZhaoH, et al. Tribology properties of Al2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites as lubricant additives. Ceram Int2014; 40(7): 10103–10109.
23.
Hemmat EsfeMEsfandehSAlidoustS, et al. Comparison of viscosity behavior of hybrid nano-lubricants containing Al2O3-MWCNT nanoparticles dispersed in SAE XWX engine oils to determine the optimal behavior of nano-lubricants based on experimental studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects2022; 641: 128446.
24.
Hemmat EsfeMAbbasian AraniAAEsfandehS, et al. Proposing new hybrid nano-engine oil for lubrication of internal combustion engines: preventing cold start engine damages and saving energy. Energy2019; 170: 228–238.
25.
AlvesSMBarrosBSTrajanoMF, et al. Tribological behavior of vegetable oil-based lubricants with nanoparticles of oxides in boundary lubrication conditions. Tribol Int2013; 65: 28–36.
26.
FrauscherMAgocsAWopelkaT, et al. Improving sustainability by enhanced engine component lifetime through friction modifier additives in fuels. Fuel2024; 358: 130102.
27.
KamarulzamanMKHishamSKadirgamaK, et al. Improving the thermophysical properties of hybrid nanocellulose-copper (II) oxide (CNC-CuO) as a lubricant additives: a novel nanolubricant for tribology application. Fuel2023; 332: 126229.
28.
HettiarachchiSJBowenJKershawM, et al. Nanostructured Al2O3/graphene additive in bio-based lubricant: a novel approach to improve engine performance. Tribol Int2023; 186: 108619.
29.
DhanolaAGajraniKK. Novel insights into graphene-based sustainable liquid lubricant additives: a comprehensive review. J Mol Liq2023; 386: 122523.
30.
LeiWTangWMoX, et al. Tribological evaluation of few-layer nitrogen-doped graphene as an efficient lubricant additive on engine cylinder liner: experiment and mechanism investigation. J Tribol2023; 145(6): 062201.
31.
RaoXShengCGuoZ, et al. A novel finding on tribological, emission, and vibration performances of diesel engines linking to graphene-attapulgite lubricants additives under hot engine tests. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev2023; 182: 113366.
32.
KarataşÖYükselT. Experimental investigation of the effects of boron oil additive in internal combustion engine. Fuel2023; 353: 129234.
33.
LueY-FHsiaoW-LChenY-S. Tribology performance of silica nanoparticles as lubricant additives in a reciprocating four-stroke engine motorcycle. Int J Automot Technol2023; 24(2): 435–444.
34.
TaT-NHorngJ-HHwangY-L. Correlation between tribological and vibration behaviors in sliding lubricated contacts. J Tribol2022; 144(11): 111603.
35.
LyuXLiangXWangY, et al. Influence of lubricants on particulate matter emission from internal combustion engines: a review. Fuel2024; 366: 131317.
36.
NarayanasarmaSKuzhiveliBT. Evaluation of the properties of POE/SiO2 nanolubricant for an energy-efficient refrigeration system – an experimental assessment. Powder Technol2019; 356: 1029–1044.
37.
SinghYKumar SinghNSharmaA, et al. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles concentration as additives to the epoxidized Euphorbia Lathyris oil and their tribological characterization. Fuel2021; 285: 119148.
38.
KashefiMHSaedodinSRostamianSH. Effect of silica nano-additive on flash point, pour point, rheological and tribological properties of lubricating engine oil: an experimental study. J Therm Anal Calorim2021; 147(6): 4073–4086.
39.
KumarMAfzalARamisMKPACollege. Investigation of physicochemical and tribological properties of TiO2 nano lubricant oil at different concentrations. Tribologia2017; 35: 2017.
40.
Abdel-RehimAAAklSElsoudyS. Investigation of the tribological behavior of mineral lubricant using copper oxide nano additives. Lubricants2021; 9(2): 16.
41.
AwangNWRamasamyDKadirgamaK, et al. Study on friction and wear of Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) nanoparticle as lubricating additive in engine oil. Int J Heat Mass Transfer2019; 131: 1196–1204.
42.
KumarSSVenkateswarluPRaoVR, et al. Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Int Nano Lett2013; 3: 30.
43.
WuHZhaoJLuoL, et al. Performance evaluation and lubrication mechanism of water-based nanolubricants containing nano-TiO2 in hot steel rolling. Lubricants2018; 6(3): 57.
44.
WangYCEngelhardMHBaerDR, et al. Quantifying the impact of nanoparticle coatings and nonuniformities on XPS analysis: gold/silver core-shell nanoparticles. Anal Chem2016; 88(7): 3917–3925.
45.
WangAChenLXuF, et al. In situ synthesis of copper nanoparticles within ionic liquid-in-vegetable oil microemulsions and their direct use as high efficient nanolubricants. RSC Adv2014; 4(85): 45251–45257.
46.
ArumugamSSriramGSubadhraL. Synthesis, chemical modification and tribological evaluation of plant oil as bio-degradable low temperature lubricant. Procedia Eng2012; 38: 1508–1517.
47.
JanakiACSailathaEGunasekaranS. Synthesis, characteristics and antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc2015; 144: 17–22.
48.
Thirumalai KannanKRameshBabuS. Tribological behavior of modified jojoba oil with graphene nanoparticle as additive in SAE20W40 oil using pin on disc tribometer. Energy Sources Part A Recovery Util Environ Effects2017; 39(17): 1842–1848.
49.
SinghYGargRKumarS. Retracted article: friction and wear characterization of modified jatropha oil (jatropha curcas) using pin on disc tribometer. Energy Sources Part A Recovery Util Environ Effects2019; 44(1): 2018–2029.
