Gas turbine systems are among potential energy converters to substitute the internal combustion engine as auxiliary power unit in future series hybrid electric vehicle powertrains. Fuel consumption of these auxiliary power units in the series hybrid electric vehicle strongly relies on the energy converter efficiency and power-to-weight ratio as well as on the energy management strategy deployed on-board. This paper presents a technological analysis and investigates the potential of fuel consumption savings of a series hybrid electric vehicle using different gas turbine–system thermodynamic configurations. These include a simple gas turbine, a regenerative gas turbine, an intercooler regenerative gas turbine, and an intercooler regenerative reheat gas turbine. An energetic and technological analysis is conducted to identify the systems’ efficiency and power-to-weight ratio for different operating temperatures. A series hybrid electric vehicle model is developed and the different gas turbine–system configurations are integrated as auxiliary power units. A bi-level optimization method is proposed to optimize the powertrain. It consists of coupling the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm to the dynamic programming to minimize the fuel consumption and the number of switching ON/OFF of the auxiliary power unit, which impacts its durability. Fuel consumption simulations are performed on the worldwide-harmonized light vehicles test cycle while considering the electric and thermal comfort vehicle energetic needs. Results show that the intercooler regenerative reheat gas turbine–auxiliary power unit presents an improved fuel consumption compared with the other investigated gas turbine systems and a good potential for implementation in series hybrid electric vehicles.
Technical Information Engineering Office. History of Chrysler Corporation gas turbine vehicles. Report, Chrysler Corporation, Auburn Mills, MI, January1979.
2.
HuebnerGJJr.The Chrysler regenerative turbine powered passenger car. SAE technical paper 640414, 1964.
3.
CunhaHE.Investigation of the potential of gas turbines for vehicular applications. Master’s Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 2011.
Bou NaderWMansourCNemerM, et al. Exergo-technological explicit methodology for gas-turbine system optimization of series hybrid electric vehicles. Proc IMechE, Part D: J Automobile Engineering2018; 232: 1323–1338.
6.
ShahRMRAMcGordonAAmor-SeganM, et al. Micro gas turbine range extender—validation techniques for automotive applications. In: 4th hybrid and electric vehicles conference, London, 6–7 November 2013, pp.1–6. Stevenage: IET.
7.
LeontopoulosCEtemadMRPullenKR, et al. Hybrid vehicle simulation for a turbogenerator based power-train. Proc IMechE, Part D: J Automobile Engineering1998; 212: 357–368.
8.
LamperthMUPullenKRMuellerKG.Turbogenerator based hybrid versus diesel electric hybrid—a parametric optimization simulation study. SAE technical paper 2000-01-3100, 2000.
9.
MackayR.Development of a 24 kW gas turbine-driven generator set for hybrid vehicles. SAE technical paper 940510, 1994.
BhargavaRKBianchiMDe PascaleA, et al. Gas turbine based power cycles—a state-of-the-art review. In: Challenges of power engineering and environment. International conference on power engineering. Berlin: Springer, 2007, pp.309–319.
19.
DellenbackPA.Improved gas turbine efficiency through alternative regenerator configuration. J Eng Gas Turb Power2002; 124: 441–446.
20.
MansourCBou NaderWBrequeF, et al. Assessing additional fuel consumption from cabin thermal comfort and auxiliary needs on the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle. Transport Res D: Tr E2018; 62: 139–151.
CohenHRogersGFC. Gas turbine theory. 4th ed.Harlow: Longman Group Limited, 1996.
27.
PathiranthnaKAB. Gas turbine thermodynamic and performance analysis methods using available catalog data. Gävle: Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gävle, 2013.
Alternative control techniques document—NOx emissions from stationary gas turbines. Emission Standards Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/catc/dir1/utboiler.pdf
BurnsJWCooperDJ.Active NOx control of COGEN gas turbine exhaust using a nonlinear feed forward with cascade architecture. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut, 2011.
CanliEDariciSOzgorenM. Intercooler effect on conventional supercharging systems. In: UNITECH’10 GABROVO 10th anniversary international scientific conference, Gabrovo, 19–20 November 2010.
35.
BilenK.Intercooler design for a diesel engine with turbocharger. Kırıkkale: Kırıkkale University, 1998.
36.
Tubocharger technology and IC engines boosting. Paris: IFP Course for Energy and Engine Program.
37.
SullivanSZhangXAyonAA, et al. Demonstration of a microscale heat exchanger for a silicon micro gas turbine engine. In: The 11th international conference on solid-state sensors and actuators, Munich, 10–14 June 2001. Springer.
38.
Wrightspeed unveils new turbine range extender for medium- and heavy-duty electric powertrains; 30% more efficient than current microturbine generators. Green Car Congress, 4May2015, https://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/05/wrightspeed.html
SullivanS.Development and testing of microscale silicon heat exchangers for the MIT micro gas-turbine engine. Master’s Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2000.
41.
RibaudYMischelC. Study and experiments of a small radial turbine for auxiliary power units. In: ASME 1986 international gas turbine conference and exhibit, Dusseldorf, 8–12June1986, paper no. 86-GT-23. New York: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
42.
HierethHPrenningerP.Charging the internal combustion engine. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2007.
ManglikRMBerglesAE.Heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for the rectangular offset strip fin compact heat exchanger. Exp Therm Fluid Sci1995; 10: 171–180.
49.
ChangYWangC.A generalized heat transfer correlation for louver fin geometry. Int J Heat Mass Tran1997; 40: 533–544.
50.
ChangYHsuKLinY, et al. A generalized friction correlation for louver fin geometry. Int J Heat Mass Tran2000; 43: 2237–2243.
51.
TraversoAMassardoAF.Optimal design of compact recuperators for microturbine application. Appl Therm Eng2005; 25: 2054–2071.
52.
QiuwangWHongxiaLGongnanX, et al. Genetic algorithm optimization for primary surfaces recuperator of microturbine. J Eng Gas Turb Power2007; 129: 436–442.
53.
WenJYangHTongX, et al. Optimization investigation on configuration parameters of serrated fin in plate-fin heat exchanger using genetic algorithm. Int J Therm Sci2016; 101: 116–125.
54.
PengHLingX.Optimal design approach for the plate-fin heat exchangers using neural networks cooperated with genetic algorithms. Appl Therm Eng2008; 28: 642–650.
55.
SanayeSHajabdollahiH.Thermal-economic multi-objective optimization of plate fin heat exchanger using genetic algorithm. Appl Energ2010; 87: 1893–1902.
56.
AhmadiPHajabdollahiHDincerI.Cost and entropy generation minimization of a cross-flow plate fin heat exchanger using multi-objective genetic algorithm. J Heat Trans: T ASME2011; 133: 021801.
57.
ZhangLYangCZhouJ.A distributed parameter model and its application in optimizing the plate-fin heat exchanger based on the minimum entropy generation. Int J Therm Sci2010; 49: 1427–1436.
58.
DongJChenJChenZ, et al. Heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for the multi-louvered fin compact heat exchangers. Energ Convers Manage2007; 48: 1506–1515.
59.
MurthyKVRRanganayakuluCAshok BabuTP. Development of heat transfer coefficient and friction factor correlations for serrated fins in water medium using CFD. J Phys Sci Appl2015; 5: 238–248.
60.
KimM-SLeeJYookS-J, et al. Correlations and optimization of a heat exchanger with offset-strip fins. Int J Heat Mass Tran2011; 54: 2073–2079.
61.
ShahRKSekulicDP.Fundamentals of heat exchanger design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
62.
IncroperaFPDewittDPBergmanTL, et al. Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. 6th ed.Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007.
63.
BartoloJBZhangHGeradaD, et al. High speed electrical generators, applications, materials and design. In: 2013 IEEE workshop on electrical machines design, control and diagnosis, Paris, 11–12 March 2013. New York: IEEE.
64.
Van der GeestMPolinderHAbraham FerreiraJ, et al. Power density limits and design trends of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous machines. IEEE T Transp Electrif2015; 1: 266–276.
65.
AndertJKöhlerENiehuesJ, et al. KSPG range extender—a new pathfinder to electromobility. MTZ Worldwide2012; 73: 12–18.
66.
Bou NaderWMansourCNemerM. Optimization of a Brayton external combustion gas-turbine system for extended range electric vehicles. Energy2018; 150: 745–758.
67.
Bou NaderWMansourCDumandC, et al. Brayton cycles as waste heat recovery systems on series hybrid electric vehicles. Energ Convers Manage2018; 168: 200–214.
68.
Di BattistaDVillanteCCipolloneR. Optimal components design of a fuel cell electric vehicle. SAE technical paper 2015-24-2546, 2015.
69.
SciarrettaAGuzzellaL.Control of hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Contr Syst Mag2007; 27: 60–70.
70.
GuzzellaLSciarrettaA.Vehicle propulsion systems: introduction to modeling and optimization. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.
71.
SundstromOGuzzellaL.A generic dynamic programming MATLAB function. In: 2009 IEEE control applications & intelligent control, St. Petersburg, Russia, 8–10 July 2009, pp.1625–1630. New York: IEEE.
