The implantation of nitrogen oxide sensors in diesel engines was proposed in order to track the emissions at the engine exhaust, with applications to the control and diagnosis of the after-treatment devices. However, the use of models is still necessary since the output from these sensors is delayed and filtered. The present paper deals with the problem of nitrogen oxide estimation in turbocharged diesel engines combining the information provided by both models and sensors. In Part 1 of this paper, a control-oriented nitrogen oxide model is designed. The model is based on the mapping of the nitrogen oxide output and a set of corrections which account for the variations in the intake and ambient conditions, and it is designed for implementation in commercial electronic control units. The model is sensitive to variations in the engine’s air path, which is solved through the engine volumetric efficiency and the first-principle equations but disregards the effect of variation in the injection settings. In order to consider the effect of the thermal transients on the in-cylinder temperature, the model introduces a dynamic factor. The model behaves well in both steady-state operation and transient operation, achieving a mean average error of 7% in the steady state and lower than 10% in an exigent sportive driving mountain profile cycle. The relatively low calibration effort and the model accuracy show the feasibility of the model for exhaust gas recirculation control as well as onboard diagnosis of the nitrogen oxide emissions.
BoschR. Automotive handbook. 8th edition. Stuttgart: Robert Bosch GmbH, 2011.
2.
EU. Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community’s integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles. Off J Eur Un2009; L140.
3.
HeywoodJ. Internal combustion engine fundamentals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
4.
ArrègleJLópezJGuardiolaCMoninC. On board NOx prediction in diesel engines: a physical approach. In Ldel ReFAllgöwerLGlielmo (eds) Automotive model predictive control: models, methods and applications, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Science, Vol 402. Berlin: Springer, 2010, ch 2, pp. 25–36.
5.
ZeldovichJ. The oxidation of nitrogen combustion and explosions. Acta Physicochim1946; 21(4): 577–628.
6.
LavoieGHeywoodJKeckJ. Experimental and theoretical study of nitric oxide formation in internal combustion engines. Combust Sci Technol1970; 1(4): 313–326.
7.
AnderssonM. Fast NOx prediction in diesel engines. PhD Thesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 2006.
8.
DesantesJLópezJRedónPArrègleJ. Evaluation of the thermal NO formation mechanism under low-temperature diesel combustion conditions. Int J Engine Res2012; 13(6): 531–539.
9.
BrandD. Control-oriented modeling of NO emissions of SI engines. PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, 2005.
10.
LujánJPlaBMorozSBourgoinG. Effect of low pressure EGR on gas exchange processes and turbocharging of a HSDI engine. In: THIESEL 2008 conference on thermo- and fluid dynamic processes in diesel engines, Valencia, Spain, (2) 9–12 September 2008.
11.
TimoneyDDesantesJHernándezLLyonsC. The development of a semi-empirical model for rapid NOx concentration evaluation using measured in-cylinder pressure in diesel engines. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2005; 219(5): 621–631.
12.
GuardiolaCPlaBBlanco-RodriguezDBaresP. Cycle by cycle trapped mass estimation for diagnosis and control. SAE paper 2014-01-1702, 2014.
13.
FlemingW. Overview of automotive sensors. IEEE Sensors J2001; 1(4): 296–308.
14.
PayriFMargotXGilAMartínJ. Computational study of heat transfer to the walls of a DI diesel engine. SAE paper 2005-01-0210, 2005.
15.
WoschniG. A universally applicable equation for the instantaneous heat transfer coefficient in the internal combustion engine. SAE paper 67093, 1967.
16.
ArrègleJLópezJMartínJMocholíE. Development of a mixing and combustion zero-dimensional model for diesel engines. SAE paper 2006-01-1382, 2006.
17.
PayriFOlmedaPMartínJGarcíaA. A complete 0D thermodynamic predictive model for direct injection diesel engines. Appl Energy2011; 88(88): 4632–4641.
18.
GuardiolaCLópezJMartínJGarcía-SarmientoD. Semiempirical in-cylinder pressure based model for NOx prediction oriented to control applications. Appl Thermal Engng2011; 31(16): 3275–3286.
19.
WestlundAWinklerNDiotalleviFÅngströmH. Predictions and measurements of transient NO emissions for a two-stage turbocharged HD diesel engine with EGR. In: THIESEL 2008 conference on thermo- and fluid dynamic processes in diesel engines, Valencia, Spain, 9–12 September 2008.
20.
AnderssonIErikssonL. A parametric model for ionization current in a four stroke SI Engine. Trans ASME, J Dynamic Systems, Measmt, Control2009; 131(2): 021001-1–021001-11.
21.
ErikssonLAnderssonI. An analytic model for cylinder pressure in a four stroke SI engine. SAE paper 2002-01-0371, 2002.
22.
WestlundA. Simplified models for emission formation in diesel engines during transient operation. PhD Thesis, KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Stockholm, Sweden, 2011.
23.
ArsieIPianeseCRizzoG. An integrated system of models for performance and emissions in SI engines: development and identification. SAE paper 2003-01-1052, 2003.
24.
KarlssonMEkholmKStrandhP. Dynamic mapping of diesel engine through system identification. In: American control conference, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 30 June–2 July 2010, pp. 3015–3020. New York: IEEE.
25.
HirschMAlbererDdel ReL. Grey-box control oriented emissions models. In: 17th IFAC world congress, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 6–11 July 2008, pp. 8514–8519. Laxenburg: IFAC.
26.
TakagiTSugenoM. Fuzzy identification of systems and its applications to modeling and control. IEEE Trans Systems, Man, Cybernetics1985; 15(1): 116–132.
27.
FalckTDreesenPDe BrabanterK. Least-squares support vector machines for the identification of Wiener–Hammerstein systems. Control Engng Practice2012; 20(11): 165–1174.
28.
YenGMichelA. A learning and forgetting algorithm in associative memories: results involving pseudo inverses. In: IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems, Singapore, 11–14 June 1991, Vol 2, pp. 778–781. New York: IEEE.
29.
AlonsoJAlvarruizFDesantesJ. Combining neural networks and genetic algorithms to predict and reduce diesel engine emissions. IEEE Trans Evolutionary Comput2007; 11(1): 46–55.
30.
MaaBStobartRDengJ. Diesel engine emissions prediction using parallel neural networks. In: American control conference, St Louis, Missouri, USA, 10–12 June 2009, pp. 1122–1127. New York: IEEE.
31.
ArsieIPianeseCSorrentinoM. Development of recurrent neural networks for virtual sensing of NOx emissions in internal combustion engines. SAE paper 2009-24-0110, 2009.
32.
SchillingAAmstutzAOnderCGuzzellaL. A real-time model for the prediction of the NOx emissions in DI diesel engines. In: 2006 IEEE international conference on control applications, Munich, Germany, 4–6 October 2006, pp. 2042–2047. New York: IEEE.
33.
DesantesJLujánJGuardiolaCBlanco-RodriguezD. Development of NOx fast estimate using NOx sensors. In: 13th European automotive congress, Valencia, Spain, 14–16 June 2011. Barcelona: Sociedad de Técnicos de Automoción.
34.
LughoferEMaciánVGuardiolaCKlementE. Identifying static and dynamic prediction models for NOx emissions with evolving fuzzy systems. Appl Soft Comput2011; 11: 2487–2500.
35.
LujánJGalindoJSerranoJPlaB. A methodology to identify the intake charge cylinder-to-cylinder distribution in turbocharged direct injection diesel engines. Measmt Sci Technol2008; 19(6): 065401.
36.
AnderssonMHultqvistAJohanssonBNöhreC. Fast physical NOx prediction in diesel engines. In: International conference on the diesel engine: the low CO2 and emissions reduction challenge, Rouen, France, 2008.
37.
GalindoJSerranoJGuardiolaC. An on-engine method for dynamic characterisation of NOx concentration sensors. Expl Thermal Fluid Sci2011; 35(3): 470–476.
38.
ArrègleJLópezJGuardiolaCMoninC. Sensitivity study of a NOx estimation model for on-board applications. SAE paper 2008-01-0640, 2008.
39.
BroatchALujánJSerranoJPlaB. A Procedure to reduce pollutant gases from diesel combustion during European MVEG-A cycle by using electrical intake air-heaters. Fuel2008; 87(12): 2760–2778.
40.
WahlströmJErikssonL. Modelling diesel engines with a variable-geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation by optimization of model parameters for capturing non-linear system dynamics. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2011; 225(7): 960–986.
41.
ArsieIDi LeoRPianeseCDe CesareM. Combustion noise and pollutants prediction for injection pattern and EGR tuning in an automotive common-rail diesel engine. In: 2012 IFAC workshop on engine and powertrain control, simulation and modeling, Rueil Malmaison, France, 23–25 October 2012, pp. 456–465. Laxenburg: IFAC.
42.
GalindoJClimentHGuardiolaCDoménechJ. Strategies for improving the mode transition in a sequential parallel turbocharged automotive diesel engine. Int J Automot Technol2009; 10(2): 141–149.
43.
GuardiolaCPlaBBlanco-RodriguezD. A bias correction method for fast fuel-to-air ratio estimation in diesel engines. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2013; 227(8): 1099–1111.
44.
GalindoJLujánJClimentHGuardiolaC. Turbocharging system design of a sequentially turbocharged diesel engine by means of a wave action model. SAE paper 2007-01-1564, 2007.
