The purpose of this work was to investigate the combustion performance and the pollutant emission characteristics of gas-to-liquid fuel in a passenger car’s diesel engine. In order to perform this study, the test facilities were set up on a 1.6 l four-cylinder compression ignition diesel engine with a common-rail injection system. Gas-to-liquid fuel combustion under a high-engine-load condition was compared with conventional diesel and biodiesel derived from soybean oil. The performance test results revealed that the gas-to-liquid fuel shows more rapid ignition than diesel and biodiesel do because of its high cetane number. The rates of increase in the combustion pressure in gas-to-liquid fuel and biodiesel were smaller than that in diesel, and the maximum rate of heat release from gas-to-liquid fuel was the lowest among the three test fuels. In terms of emission analysis, gas-to-liquid fuel shows a slight decrease in the nitrogen oxide emissions and significant reductions in the hydrocarbon and the carbon monoxide emissions compared with other test fuels. Meanwhile, the combustion of gas-to-liquid fuel indicates a lower concentration of soot emissions than those from conventional diesel but slightly higher than those from biodiesel owing to the variation in the low heating value parameter.
KimJKYimESJeonCH. Cold performance of various biodiesel fuel blends at low temperature. Int J Automot Technol2012; 13: 293–300.
2.
MendeTAndoRNagataM. Detailed analysis of particulate matter emitted from biofueled diesel combustion with high EGR. SAE paper 2009-01-0483, 2009.
3.
ParkSHChaJKimHJLeeCS. Effect of early injection strategy on spray atomization and emission reduction characteristics in bioethanol blended diesel fueled engine. Energy2012; 39: 375–387.
4.
RakopoulosDCRakopoulosCDKakarasECGiakoumisEG. Effects of ethanol–diesel fuel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of heavy duty DI diesel engine. Energy Conversion Managmt2008; 49: 3155–3162.
5.
ParkSHLeeCS.Combustion performance and emission reduction characteristics of automotive DME engine system. Prog Energy Combust Sci2013; 39: 147–168.
6.
JungDKwonOVLimOT. Comparison of DME HCCI operating ranges for the thermal stratification and fuel stratification based on a multi-zone model. J Mech Sci Technol2011; 25: 1383–1390.
7.
OpatRRaYGonzalezMA. Investigation of mixing and temperature effects on HC/CO emissions for highly dilute low temperature combustion in a light duty diesel engine. SAE paper 2007-01-0193, 2007.
8.
BobbaMKMusculusMPB. Laser diagnostics of soot precursors in a heavy-duty diesel engine at low-temperature combustion conditions. Combust Flame2012; 159: 832–843.
LuXHanDHuangZ. Fuel design and management for the control of advanced compression-ignition combustion modes. Prog Energy Combust Sci2011; 37: 741–783.
11.
KimYKimKBLeeKH. Effect of a 2-stage injection strategy on the combustion and flame characteristics in a PCCI engine. Int J Automot Technol2011; 12: 639–644.
12.
MosbachSSuHKraftM. Dual injection homogeneous charge compression ignition engine simulation using a stochastic reactor model. Int J Engine Res2007; 8: 41–50.
13.
JacobsTJAssanisDN. The attainment of premixed compression ignition low-temperature combustion in a compression ignition direct injection engine. Proc Combust Inst2007; 31: 2913–2920.
14.
KimDSKimMYLeeCS. Combustion and emission characteristics of partial homogeneous charge compression ignition engine. Combust Sci Technol2004; 117: 107–125.
15.
HsiehMFWangJ. Sliding-mode observer for urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) mid-catalyst ammonia concentration estimation. Int J Automot Technol2011; 12: 321–329.
16.
StratakisGAPsarianosDLStamatelosAM. Experimental investigation of the pressure drop in porous ceramic diesel particulate filters. Proc IMechE Part D:J Automobile Engineering2002; 216(9): 773–784.
17.
BenramdhaneSMilletCNJeudyE. Diesel lean NOx-trap thermal aging and performance evolution characterization. Oil Gas Sci Technol2011; 66: 845–853.
18.
ZhengMReaderGTHawleyJG. Diesel engine exhaust gas recirculation – a review on advanced and novel concepts. Energy Conversion Managmt2004; 45: 883–900.
19.
SchabergPBothaJSchnellM. Emissions performance of GTL diesel fuel and blends with optimized engine calibrations. SAE paper 2005-01-2187, 2005.
20.
WuTHuangZZhangW. Physical and chemical properties of GTL–diesel fuel blends and their effects on performance and emissions of a multicylinder DI compression ignition engine. Energ Fuel2007; 21: 1908–01914.
21.
ParkSHChoiKBKimMYLeeCS. Experimental investigation and prediction of density and viscosity of GTL, GTL–biodiesel, and GTL–diesel blends as a function of temperature. Energy Fuel2013; 27: 56–65.
22.
MoonGLeeYChoiKJeongD. Emission characteristics of diesel, gas to liquid, and biodiesel-blended fuels in a diesel engine for passenger cars. Fuel2010; 89: 3840–3846.
23.
AzimovUBKimKSJeongDSLeeYG. Instantaneous 2-D visualization of spray combustion and flame luminosity of GTL and GTL–biodiesel fuel blend under quiescent ambient conditions. Int J Automot Technol2011; 12: 159–171.
24.
Abu-JraiATsolakisATheinnoiK. Effect of gas-to-liquid diesel fuels on combustion characteristics, engine emissions, and exhaust gas fuel reforming comparative study. Energy Fuel2006; 20: 2377–2384.
25.
HeywoodJB. Internal combustion engine fundamentals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
26.
AlkhulaifiKHamdallaM. Ignition delay correlation for a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with automotive diesel and water diesel emulsion. World Acad Sci, Engng Technol2011; 58: 905–917.
27.
KimYShinSKimJ. Characteristic analysis of GTL fuel as an automobile diesel. J Ind Engng Chem2008; 19: 617–623.
28.
HoekmanSKRobbinsC. Review of the effects of biodiesel on NOx emissions. Fuel Processing Technol2012; 96: 237–249.
29.
SunJCatonJAJacobsTJ. Oxides of nitrogen emissions from biodiesel-fuelled diesel engines. Prog Energy Combust2010; 36: 677–695.
30.
MuellerCBoehmanAMartinG. An experimental investigation of the origin of increased NOx emissions when fueling a heavy-duty compression-ignition engine with soy biodiesel. SAE paper 2009-01-1792, 2009.
31.
GrimaldiCPostriotiLBattistoniMMilloF. Common-rail HSDI diesel engine combustion and emissions with fossil/bio-derived fuel blends. SAE paper 2002-01-0865, 2002.
32.
KitanoKSakataIClarkR. Effects of GTL fuel properties on DI diesel combustion. SAE paper 2005-01-3763, 2005.
33.
GiakoumisEGRakopoulosCDDimaratosAMRakopoulosDC. Exhaust emissions of diesel engines operating under transient conditions with biodiesel fuel blends. Prog Energy Combust2012; 38: 691–715.
34.
XueJGriftTEHansenAC. Effect of biodiesel on engine performance and emissions. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev2011; 15: 1098–1116.
35.
LiuHLeeCFHuoMYaoM. Combustion characteristics and soot distributions of neat butanol and neat soybean biodiesel. Energy Fuel2011; 25: 3192–3203.
36.
KitanoKMisawaSMoriM. GTL fuel impact on DI diesel emissions. SAE paper 2007-01-2004, 2007.
37.
SherE. Handbook of air pollution from internal combustion engines: pollutant formation and control. New York: Academic Press, 1998.
38.
ZhaoH. Advanced direct injection combustion engine technologies and development, Vol 2: diesel engines. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2009.
MusculusMPBLachauxTPickettLMIdicheriaCA. End-of-injection over-mixing and unburned hydrocarbon emissions in low-temperature-combustion diesel engines. SAE paper 2007-01-0907, 2007.
41.
CzerwinskiJZimmerliYNeubertT. Injection, combustion and (nano) particle emissions of a modern HD-diesel engine with GTL, RME & ROR. SAE paper 2007-01-2015, 2007.
