Several turbocharger units can be used for engine boosting in series or parallel arrangements in which they are phased in and out according to the operating conditions of the engine. This technology has the potential to facilitate downsizing of automotive engines in order to yield benefits in terms of their transient performance, the fuel consumption and emissions output. This review investigates the benefits and drawbacks of series and parallel turbocharging arrangements. Since the effectiveness of using the boosting technology crucially depends on the control scheme applied, developments in the modelling and control approaches used in single-stage, series and parallel turbocharging are also examined. In comparison with single-stage turbocharging, using several turbochargers in series or parallel can provide a faster transient response without compromising the fuel consumption, while also having the potential to provide higher boost pressures. Novel non-linear and robust control approaches have demonstrated improvements in performance and robustness over traditional approaches used in commercial engine control relying on separate control loops for the different engine variables.
GalindoJSerranoJClimentHVarnierO. Impact of two-stage turbocharging architectures on pumping losses of automotive engines based on an analytical model. Energy Conversion Managmt2010; 51(10): 1958–1969.
8.
WinklerNÅngströmHE. Simulations and measurements of a two-stage turbocharged heavy-duty diesel engine including EGR in transient operation. SAE paper 2008-01-0539, 2008.
9.
LangridgeSFesslerH. Strategies for high EGR rates in a diesel engine. SAE paper 2002-01-0961, 2002.
10.
GalindoJClimentHGuardiolaCTiseiraA. Assessment of a sequentially turbocharged diesel engine on real-life driving cycles. Int J Veh Des2009; 49(1): 214–234.
11.
KnechtW. Diesel engine development in view of reduced emission standards. Energy2008; 33(2): 264–271.
LeeBJungDAssanisDFilipiZ. Dual-stage turbocharger matching and boost control options. In: ASME 2008 Internal Combustion Engine Division spring technical conference. Chicago, Illinois, USA, 27–30 April 2008, pp. 267–277. New York: ASME.
14.
GalindoJLujanJClimentHGuardiolaC. Turbocharging system design of a sequentially turbocharged diesel engine by means of a wave action model. SAE paper 2007-01-1564, 2007.
15.
ZhangZDengKWangZZhuX. Experimental study on the three-phase sequential turbocharging system with two unequal size turbochargers. SAE paper 2008-01-1698, 2008.
16.
GalindoJClimentHGuardiolaCDoménechJ. Strategies for improving the mode transition in a sequential parallel turbocharged automotive diesel engine. Int J Automot Technol2009; 10(2): 141–149.
17.
RenZCampbellTYangJ. Investigation on a computer-controlled sequential turbocharging system for medium-speed diesel engines. SAE paper 981480, 1998.
18.
QianYZhangZDengK. Development of a three-phase sequential turbocharging system with two unequal-size turbochargers. Int J Rotating Mach2012; 951096 (8 pp.).
19.
TashimaSOkimotoHFujimotoYNakaoM. Sequential twin turbocharged rotary engine of the latest RX-7. SAE paper 941030, 1994.
20.
RakopoulosCDGiakoumisEG. Diesel engine transient operation: principles of operation and simulation analysis. Berlin: Springer, 2009.
21.
LeeB. Dual-stage boosting systems: modeling of configurations, matching and boost control options. PhD Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, 2009.
22.
LeeBFilipiZAssanisDJungD. Simulation-based assessment of various dual-stage boosting systems in terms of performance and fuel economy improvements. SAE paper 2009-01-1471, 2009.
23.
PflügerF. Regulated two-stage turbocharging – KKK’s new charging system for commercial diesel engines. In: IMechE 6th international conference on turbocharging and air management systems. London, UK, 3–5 November 1998, paper C554/035/98. Bury St Edmunds: Professional Engineering Publishing.
24.
MoulinPGrondinOFontvieilleL. Control of a two stage turbocharger on a diesel engine. In: 48th IEEE conference on decision and control, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, 16–18 December 2008, pp. 5200–5206. New York: IEEE.
25.
ChoiCKwonSChoS. Development of fuel consumption of passenger diesel engine with 2 stage turbocharger. SAE paper 2006-01-0021, 2006.
26.
SchmittFEngelsB. Regulated 2-stage (R2S) charging system for high specific power engines. In: Congrès le diesel: aujourdhui et demain, Lyon, France, 2004. Suresnes: Société des Ingénieurs de l’Automobile.
27.
NittaJMinatoAShimazakiN. Performance evaluation of three-stage turbocharging system for heavy-duty diesel engine. SAE paper 2011-01-0374, 2011.
28.
WatelEPagotAPacaudPSchmittJC. Matching and evaluating methods for Euro 6 and efficient two-stage turbocharging diesel engine. SAE paper 2010-01-1229, 2010: 20–24.
29.
MilloFMallamoFMegoGG. The potential of dual stage turbocharging and Miller cycle for HD diesel engines. SAE paper 2005-01-0221, 2005.
30.
CanovaMChiaraFRizzoniGWangYY. Design and validation of a control-oriented model of a diesel engine with two-stage turbocharger. SAE paper 2009-24-0122, 2009.
31.
RakopoulosCDGiakoumisEG. Review of thermodynamic diesel engine simulations under transient operating conditions. SAE paper 2006-01-0884, 2006.
32.
RakopoulosCDGiakoumisEGMichosCN. Quasi-linear versus filling and emptying modelling applied to the transient operation of a turbocharged diesel engine. Int J Veh Des2007; 45(1): 150–170.
33.
KarmiggeltR. Mean value modelling of a SI engine. Report 98.041, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1998.
34.
JensenJKristensenAFSorensonSC. Mean value modeling of small turbocharged diesel engine. SAE paper 910070, 1991.
35.
MartinGTalonVPeuchantT. Physics based diesel turbocharger model for control purposes. SAE paper 2009-24-0123, 2009.
36.
CanovaMChiaraFRizzoniGWangY. Model-based characterization and analysis of diesel engines with two-stage turbochargers. SAE paper 2010-01-1220, 2010.
37.
ChevalierAMüllerMHendricksE. On the validity of mean value engine models during transient operation. SAE paper 2000-01-1261, 2000.
38.
NakhjiriMPelzPMatyschokB. Physical modeling of automotive turbocharger compressor: analytical approach and validation. SAE paper 2011-01-2214, 2011.
39.
YangXZhuGG. A mixed mean-value and crank-based model of a dual-stage turbocharged SI engine for hardware-in-the-loop simulation. In: 2010 American control conference, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 30 June–2 July 2010, pp. 3791–3796. New York: IEEE.
40.
PlianosAStobartR. Modeling and control of diesel engines equipped with a two-stage turbo-system. SAE paper 2008-01-1018, 2008.
41.
SaulnierSGuilainS. Computational study of diesel engine downsizing using two-stage turbocharging. SAE paper 2004-01-0929, 2004.
42.
VitekOMacekJPolášekM. New approach to turbocharger optimization using 1-D simulation tools. SAE paper 2006-01-0438, 2006.
43.
KechJMKlotzH. Model-based sequential turbocharging optimization for series 8000 M70/M90 engines. SAE paper 2002-01-0378, 2002.
44.
AlmeidaFRodriguesMBarbieriFTrevisanM. Dual-stage TC modeling and calibration using 1D simulation – correlation with NVH quantities. SAE paper 2010-36-0305, 2010.
45.
GalindoJClimentHGuardiolaCTiseiraA. On the effect of pulsating flow on surge margin of small centrifugal compressors for automotive engines. Expl Thermal Fluid Sci2009; 33(8): 1163–1171.
46.
ChenMZhangWZhangXDingN. In-cylinder CFD simulation of a new 2.0L turbocharged GDI engine. SAE paper 2011-01-0826, 2011.
47.
DickmannHPWimmelTSSzwedowiczJ. Unsteady flow in a turbocharger centrifugal compressor: three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation and numerical and experimental analysis of impeller blade vibration. Trans ASME, J Turbomach2006; 128(3): 455–465.
48.
DeligantMPodevinPDescombesG. CFD model for turbocharger journal bearing performances. Appl Thermal Engng2011; 31(5): 811–819.
49.
ChenTZhangYZhugeWYanX. Integrated system simulation for turbocharged IC engines. SAE paper 2008-01-1640, 2008.
50.
GuzzellaLAmstutzA. Control of diesel engines. IEEE Control Systems Mag1998; 18(5): 53–71.
51.
GambarottaALucchettiGFioraniP. A thermodynamic mean value model of the intake and exhaust system of a turbocharged engine for HiL/SiL applications. SAE paper 2009-24-0121, 2009.
52.
ChasseAMoulinPGautierP. Double stage turbocharger control strategies development. SAE paper 2008-01-0988, 2008.
53.
SchwarzmannDNitscheRLunzeJVSchanzA. Pressure control of a two-stage turbocharged diesel engine using a novel nonlinear IMC approach. In: 2006 IEEE international conference on control applications, Munich, Germany, 4–6 October 2006, pp. 2399–2404. New York: IEEE.
54.
KotmanPBitzerMKugiA. Flatness-based feedforward control of a two-stage turbocharged diesel air system with EGR. In: 2010 IEEE international conference on control applications, 2010 IEEE multi-conference on systems and control, Yokohama, Japan, 8–10 September 2010, pp. 979–984. New York: IEEE.
55.
ColinGChamaillardYBlochGCharletA. Exact and linearized neural predictive control: a turbocharged SI engine example. Trans ASME, J Dynamic Systems, Measmt, Control2007; 129(4): 527–533.
56.
RajamaniR. Control of a variable-geometry turbocharged and wastegated diesel engine. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automobile Engineering2005; 219(11): 1361–1368.
57.
StefanopoulouAGKolmanovskyIFreudenbergJS. Control of variable geometry turbocharged diesel engines for reduced emissions. IEEE Trans Control Systems Technol2000; 8(4): 733–745.
58.
FerreauHJOrtnerPLangthalerP. Predictive control of a real-world diesel engine using an extended online active set strategy. A Rev Control2007; 31(2): 293–301.
59.
OrtnerPdel ReL. Predictive control of a diesel engine air path. IEEE Trans Control Systems Technol2007; 15(3): 449–456.
60.
JankovicMKolmanovskyI. Constructive Lyapunov control design for turbocharged diesel engines. IEEE Trans Control Systems Technol2000; 8(2): 288–299.
61.
MalkhedeDNSethBDhariwalHC. Mean value model and control of a marine turbocharged diesel engine. SAE paper 2005-01-3889, 2005.
62.
JungMGloverK. Calibratable linear parameter-varying control of a turbocharged diesel engine. IEEE Trans Control Systems Technol2006; 14(1): 45–62.
63.
DäublerLBessaiCPredelliO. Tuning strategies for online-adaptive PI controllers. Oil Gas Sci Technol2007; 62(4): 493–500.
64.
CharletBLévineJMarinoR. On dynamic feedback linearization. Systems Control Lett. 1989; 13(2): 143–151.
65.
MoulinPChauvinJ. Modeling and control of the air system of a turbocharged gasoline engine. Control Engng Practice2011; 19(3): 287–297.
66.
MoulinPChauvinJYoussefB. Modelling and control of the air system of a turbocharged gasoline engine. In: 17th International Federation of Automatic Control world congress, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 6–11 July 2008, Vol. 17, Part 1, pp. 8487–8494. Oxford: IFAC.
MurrayRMRathinamMSluisW. Differential flatness of mechanical control systems: a catalog of prototype systems. In: ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition, San Francisco, California, USA, 12–17 November 1995: 1–9. New York: ASME.
69.
SlotineJJLiW. Applied nonlinear control. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1991.
70.
UtkinVIGuldnerJShiJ. Sliding mode control in electromechanical systems. London: Taylor & Francis, 1999.
71.
Ouenou-GamoSRachidAOuladsineM. A nonlinear controller of a turbocharged diesel engine using sliding mode. In: 1997 IEEE international conference on control applications. Hartford, Connecticut, USA, 5–7 October 1997, pp. 803–805. New York: IEEE.
72.
UtkinVChangHCKolmanovskyICookJA. Sliding mode control for variable geometry turbocharged diesel engines. In: 2000 American control conference, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 28–30 June 2000, pp. 584–588. New York: IEEE.
73.
WangJ. Hybrid robust air-path control for diesel engines operating conventional and low temperature combustion modes. IEEE Trans Control Systems Technol2008; 16(6): 1138–1151.
