Abstract
This study aims to improve the performance and emission characteristics of E25 (a blend of 25% ethanol and 75% gasoline) fuel using a single–cylinder, air-cooled spark-ignition engine through the implementation of a dual fuel system. The research employed the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Box–Behnken Design (BBD) to investigate and simulate interactions among three primary factors: LPG, E25, and engine speed. An experimental engine with a displacement of 392 cm3 and a compression ratio of 8.5:1 was tested to evaluate engine performance and emissions. The objective was to improve brake power (BP) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) while reducing brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emissions of CO, HC, and NOx. The results showed statistically significant response models (p
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