Recent advancements in composite materials, including ceramics, metals, and polymers, have shown significant promise for biomedical applications. In particular, the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcement in alumina and zirconia ceramics has garnered attention due to their potential to greatly enhance mechanical properties. CNTs, with their high aspect ratio, mechanical strength, and electrical conductivity, offer unique advantages for improving traditional ceramics used in biomedical applications, such as hip and knee replacements, where alumina and zirconia have been employed since the 1970s for their superior wear resistance and biocompatibility. This review critically examines the mechanical benefits of CNT-reinforced ceramics, focusing on factors such as CNT distribution, reinforcement mechanisms, fracture toughness, and long-term durability. Additionally, it explores the significant challenge of CNT toxicity, cytocompatibility, and potential long-term health risks, particularly their non-biodegradable and carcinogenic nature, which could limit their use in medical implants. While promising, inconsistencies in reported improvements, largely due to dispersion issues and ceramic-CNT interactions, along with unresolved toxicity concerns, indicate the need for further research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of both the mechanical potential and the biological risks of CNT-reinforced ceramics in biomedical applications.
ChoSKimJLeeSB, et al. Fabrication of functionally graded hydroxyapatite and structurally graded porous hydroxyapatite by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2020; 139: 106138.
12.
ThomasSHarshitaBSPMishraP, et al. Ceramic nanoparticles: Fabrication Methods And applications in drug delivery. Curr Pharm Des2015; 21(42): 6165–6188.
13.
WillmannGFrühHJPfaffHG.Wear characteristics of sliding pairs of zirconia (Y-TZP) for hip endoprostheses. Biomaterials1996; 17(22): 2157–2162.
14.
BouvilleFMaireEMeilleS, et al. Strong, tough and stiff bioinspired ceramics from brittle constituents. Nat Mater2014; 13(5): 508–514.
15.
de Arellano-LópezARCumbreraFLDomínguez-RodríguezA, et al. Compressive creep of sicc-whisker-reinforced Al2O3. J Am Ceram Soc1990; 73(5): 1297–3000.
16.
KayaCKayaFBoccacciniAR, et al. Fabrication and characterisation of Ni-coated carbon fibre-reinforced alumina ceramic matrix composites using electrophoretic deposition. Acta Mater2001; 49(7): 1189–1197.
17.
BlaeseDGarciaDEGuglielmiP, et al. ZrO2 fiber-matrix interfaces in alumina fiber-reinforced model composites. J Eur Ceram Soc2015; 35(5): 1593–1598.
18.
TamuraYMoshtaghiounBMGomez-GarciaD, et al. Spark plasma sintering of fine-grained alumina ceramics reinforced with alumina whiskers. Ceram Int2017; 43(1): 658–663.
19.
PadtureNP.Multifunctional composites of ceramics and single-walled carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater2009; 21(17): 1767–1770.
20.
NovoselovKSGeimAKMorozovSV, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science2004; 306(5696): 666–669.
21.
Hassanzadeh-AghdamMKMahmoodiMJAnsariR, et al. Effects of adding CNTs on the thermo-mechanical characteristics of hybrid titanium nanocomposites. Mech Mater2019; 131: 121–135.
22.
Hassanzadeh-AghdamMKMahmoodiMJ.A comprehensive analysis of mechanical characteristics of carbon nanotube-metal matrix nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A2017; 701: 34–44.
23.
Hassanzadeh-AghdamMKMahmoodiMJKazempourMR.The role of thermal residual stress on the yielding behavior of carbon nanotube–aluminum nanocomposites. Int J Mech Mater Des2018; 14(2): 263–275.
24.
GuoALiSWangS, et al. Digital light processing of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-reinforced photosensitive resin composites: effects on microstructures and mechanical properties. J Mater Res Technol2024; 28: 434–445.
25.
AhmadIYazdaniBZhuY.Recent advances on carbon nanotubes and graphene reinforced ceramics nanocomposites. Nanomater2015; 5(1): 90–114.
26.
Bocanegra-BernalMHDominguez-RiosCEcheberriaJ, et al. Spark plasma sintering of multi-, single/double- and single-walled carbon nanotube-reinforced alumina composites: is it justifiable the effort to reinforce them?Ceram Int2016; 42(1): 2054–2062.
27.
Cano-CrespoRMoshtaghiounBMGómez-GarcíaD, et al. Carbon nanofibers replacing graphene oxide in ceramic composites as a reinforcing-phase: is it feasible?J Eur Ceram Soc2017; 37(12): 3791–3796.
MazaheriMMariDSchallerR, et al. Processing of yttria stabilized zirconia reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes with attractive mechanical properties. J Eur Ceram Soc2011; 31(14): 2691–2698.
30.
ChenQSaltielCManickavasagamS, et al. Aggregation behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes in dilute aqueous suspension. J Colloid Interface Sci2004; 280(1): 91–97.
31.
SunJGaoLIwasaM, et al. Failure investigation of carbon nanotube/3Y-TZP nanocomposites. Ceram Int2005; 31(8): 1131–1134.
32.
RuoffRSLorentsDC.Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes. Carbon N Y1995; 33(7): 925–930.
33.
LahiriDGhoshSAgarwalA.Carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite composite for orthopedic application: a review. Mater Sci Eng C2012; 32(7): 1727–1758.
34.
SinghSPeiYMillerR, et al. Long-range, entangled carbon nanotube networks in polycarbonate. Adv Funct Mater2003; 13(11): 868–872.
35.
YuMFLourieODyerMJ, et al. Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load. Science2000; 287(5453): 637–640.
36.
TjongS.Carbon nanotube reinforced composites: metal and ceramic matrices. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2009.
37.
WangQGeSZhangD.Nano-mechanical properties and biotribological behaviors of nanosized HA/partially-stabilized zirconia composites. Wear2005; 259(7–12): 952–957.
38.
OgiharaNUsuiYAokiK, et al. Biocompatibility and bone tissue compatibility of alumina ceramics reinforced with carbon nanotubes. Nanomed2012; 7(7): 981–993.
39.
YangKZhangFChenY, et al. Recent progress on carbon-based composites in multidimensional applications. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2022; 157: 106906.
40.
WangWZhuYLiaoS, et al. Carbon nanotubes reinforced composites for biomedical applications. Biomed Res Int2014; 2014: 1–14.
41.
GarmendiaNSantacruzIMorenoR, et al. Zirconia-MWCNT nanocomposites for biomedical applications obtained by colloidal processing. J Mater Sci2010; 21(5): 1445–1451.
42.
FiorittoS.Carbon nanotube: angels or demons?Singapore: Pan Stanford Publications, 2008.
43.
RenHXChenXLiuJH, et al. Toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotube: how we were wrong?Mater Today2010; 13(1-2): 6–8.
44.
HussainMKabirMSoodA.On the cytotoxicity of carbon nanotubes. Curr Sci2009; 96(5): 664–673.
45.
GiannonaSFirkowskaIRojas-ChapanaJ, et al. Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes as cytocompatible material for enhanced adhesion and proliferation of osteoblast-like cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol2007; 7(4): 1679–1683.
46.
YeJShiXJonesW, et al. Critical role of glass fiber length in TNF-alpha production and transcription factor activation in macrophages. Am J Physiol1999; 276(3): 426–434.
47.
SinghRPantarottoDLacerdaL, et al. Tissue biodistribution and blood clearance rates of intravenously administered CNT radiotracers. PNAS2006; 103(9): 3357–3362.
48.
WangSZhengCLiS, et al. Free vibration of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite damping structure based on the higher-order shear deformation theory. Polym Compos2023; 44(2): 873–885.
49.
WangSLiSZhaiZ, et al. Vibration characteristics of composite damping plate with randomly oriented carbon nanotube reinforced stiffeners. Int J Mech Mater Des2024; 20(3): 525–543.
50.
CurtinWASheldonBW.CNT-reinforced ceramics and metals. Mater Today2004; 7(11): 44–49.
51.
LamniniSPuglieseDBainoF.Zirconia-based ceramics reinforced by carbon nanotubes: A review with emphasis on mechanical properties. Ceram2023; 6(3): 1705–1734.
52.
RadushkevichLLukyanovichV.Carbon structure formed under thermal decomposition of carbon monoxide on iron. Sov J Glas Phys Chem1952; 26(2): 88–95.
53.
IijimaS.Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature1991; 354(6348): 56–58.
54.
PengL-MZhangZLXueZQ, et al. Stability of carbon nanotubes: how small can they be?Phys Rev Lett2000; 85(15): 3249–3252.
55.
GuZYangYLiK, et al. Aligned carbon nanotube-reinforced silicon carbide composites produced by chemical vapor infiltration. Carbon N Y2011; 49(7): 2475–2482.
56.
InamF.Development of ceramic-carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites, PhD Thesis, School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary, University of London, 2009. https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/583
57.
GuoTNikolaevPRinzlerAG, et al. Self-assembly of tubular fullerenes. J Phys Chem A1995; 99(27): 10694–10697.
58.
FonsecaAHernadiKNagyJB, et al. Optimization of catalytic production and purification of buckytubes. J Mol Catal A Chem1996; 107(1-3): 159–168.
59.
NikolaevPBronikowskiMJBradleyRK, et al. Gas-phase catalytic growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes from carbon monoxide. Chem Phys Lett1999; 313(1-2): 91–97.
60.
YamamotoTWatanabeKHernandezE.Mechanical properties, thermal stability and heat transport in carbon nanotubes. In: JorioADresselhausGDresselhausM (eds) Carbon nanotubes: advanced topics in the synthesis, structure, properties and applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2008, pp.165–195.
61.
ColemanJNKhanUBlauWJ, et al. Small but strong: a review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube–polymer composites. Carbon N Y2006; 44(9): 1624–1652.
62.
SalvetatJ-PKulikAJBonardJM, et al. Elastic modulus of ordered and disordered multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater1999; 11(2): 161–165.
63.
XuRBianDZhaoY, et al. Tribological behavior studies of chemically bonded phosphate ceramic coatings reinforced with modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Int J Appl Ceram Technol2020; 17(3): 1010–1016.
64.
SpearRLCameronRE.Carbon nanotubes for orthopaedic implants. Int J Mater Forming2008; 1(2): 127–133.
65.
PeigneyALaurentCFlahautE, et al. Carbon nanotubes in novel ceramic matrix nanocomposites. Ceram Int2000; 26(6): 677–683.
66.
AnJWYouDHLimDS.Tribological properties of hot-pressed alumina–CNT composites. Wear2003; 255(1–6): 677–681.
67.
KressAMSchmidtRHolzwarthU, et al. Excellent results with cementless total hip arthroplasty and alumina-on-alumina pairing: minimum ten-year follow-up. Int Orthop2011; 35(2): 195–200.
68.
LaytonD.A critical appraisal of the survival and complication rates of tooth-supported all-ceramic and metal-ceramic fixed dental prostheses: the application of evidence-based dentistry. Int J Prosthodont2011; 24(5): 417–427.
69.
BoutinPChristelPDorlotJM, et al. The use of dense alumina-alumina ceramic combination in total hip replacement. J Biomed Mater Res1988; 22(12): 1203–1232.
70.
KrellAKlimkeJ.Effects of the homogeneity of particle coordination on solid-state sintering of transparent alumina. J Am Ceram Soc2006; 89(6): 1985–1892.
71.
KohalRWolkewitzMMuellerC.Alumina-reinforced zirconia implants: survival rate and fracture strength in a masticatory simulation trial. Clin Oral Implants Res2010; 21(12): 1345–1352.
72.
SuhendraNHarahapMEMasmui, et al. Carbon nanotubes reinforced zirconia composites for artficial hip joints bearing surfaces. Int J Adv Res2021; 9(4): 985–1002.
73.
TrainaFDe FineMDi MartinoA, et al. Fracture of ceramic bearing surfaces following total hip replacement: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int2013; 2013: 157247.
74.
BalBSGarinoJRiesM, et al. A review of ceramic bearing materials in total joint arthroplasty. Hip Int2007; 17(1): 21–30.
75.
LaurentCFlahautEPeigneyA.The weight and density of carbon nanotubes versus the number of walls and diameter. Carbon N Y2010; 48(10): 2994–2996.
76.
ChazotCACHartAJ. Understanding and control of interactions between carbon nanotubes and polymers for manufacturing of high-performance composite materials. Compos Sci Technol2019; 183: 107795.
77.
BhongSYMoreNChoppadandiM, et al. Review on carbon nanomaterials as typical candidates for orthopaedic coatings. Appl Sci2019; 1(1): 76.
78.
BishopLCenaLOrandleM, et al. In vivo toxicity assessment of occupational components of the carbon nanotube life cycle to provide context to potential health effects. ACS Nano2017; 11(9): 8849–8863.
79.
WangLMercerRRRojanasakulY, et al. Direct fibrogenic effects of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes on human lung fibroblasts. J Toxicol Environ Health2010; 73(5): 410–422.
80.
KobayashiNIzumiHMorimotoY.Review of toxicity studies of carbon nanotubes. J Occup Health2017; 59(5): 394–407.
81.
LamC-WJamesJTMcCluskeyR, et al. A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks. Crit Rev Toxicol2006; 36(3): 189–217.
82.
HassanRNisarAAriharanS, et al. Multi-functionality of carbon nanotubes reinforced 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia structural biocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A2017; 704: 329–343.
83.
PuértolasJAKurtzSM.Evaluation of carbon nanotubes and graphene as reinforcements for UHMWPE-based composites in arthroplastic applications: a review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater2014; 39: 129–145.
84.
AffatatoSRuggieroAMerolaM.Advanced biomaterials in hip joint arthroplasty. A review on polymer and ceramics composites as alternative bearings. Compos B Eng2015; 83(15): 276–283.
85.
AokiKOgiharaNTanakaM, et al. Carbon nanotube-based biomaterials for orthopaedic applications. J Mater Chem B2020; 8(40): 9227–9238.
86.
PeiBWangWDunneN, et al. Applications of carbon nanotubes in bone tissue regeneration and engineering: superiority, concerns, current advancements, and prospects. Nanomater2019; 9(10): 1501.
87.
ZielińskiAMajkowska-MarzecB.Whether carbon nanotubes are capable, promising, and safe for their application in nervous system regeneration. Some critical remarks and research strategies. Coatings2022; 12(11): 1643.
88.
ShirasuKYamamotoGNozakaY, et al. Relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties in acid-treated carbon nanotube-reinforced alumina composites. J Mater Sci2015; 50(20): 6688–6699.
89.
ChanKFZaidMHMMamatMS, et al. Recent developments in carbon nanotubes-reinforced ceramic matrix composites: a review on dispersion and densification techniques. Crystals2021; 11(5): 457.
90.
JavadiAMirdamadiSFaghihisaniM, et al. Well-dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in aluminum matrix composites by controlling the mixing process. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct2013; 21(5): 436–447.
91.
LamniniSKárolyZBódisE, et al. Influence of structure on the hardness and the toughening mechanism of the sintered 8YSZ/MWCNTs composites. Ceram Int2019; 45(4): 5058–5065.
92.
JambagiSCKarSBrodardP, et al. Characteristics of plasma sprayed coatings produced from carbon nanotube doped ceramic powder feedstock. Mater Des2016; 112(15): 392–401.
93.
GuoCLuoXShahWA, et al. Mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced Al2O3 nanocomposites. J Mater Sci2020; 55(20): 8728–8740.
94.
Islam RubelRHasan AliMAbu JaforM, et al. Carbon nanotubes agglomeration in reinforced composites: a review. AIMS Mater Sci2019; 6(5): 756–780.
95.
RamachandranKBoopalanVBearJC, et al. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts)-reinforced ceramic nanocomposites for aerospace applications: a review. J Mater Sci2022; 57(6): 3923–3953.
96.
Rivero-AntúnezPCano-CrespoREsquiviasL, et al. Mechanical characterization of sol-gel alumina-based ceramics with intragranular reinforcement of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Ceram Int2020; 46(12): 19723–19730.
97.
SinghSSharmaSSinghRC, et al. Hydrothermally synthesized MoS2-multi-walled carbon nanotube composite as a novel room-temperature ammonia sensing platform. Appl Surf Sci2020; 532(1): 147373.
98.
ShahabuddinMMadharNAAlzayedNS, et al. Uniform dispersion and exfoliation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in CNT-MgB2 superconductor composites using surfactants. Materials2019; 12(18): 3044.
99.
LinJYangYZhangH, et al. Synthesis and characterization of in-situ CNTs reinforced tibbb2-based composite by CVD using Ni clystss. Ceram Int2018; 44(2): 2042–2047.
100.
ChenJYanLSongW, et al. Interfacial characteristics of carbon nanotube-polymer composites: a review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf2018; 114: 149–169.
101.
ZhangXLiSPanB, et al. Regulation of interface between carbon nanotubes-aluminum and its strengthening effect in CNTs reinforced aluminum matrix nanocomposites. Carbon N Y2019; 155: 686–696.
102.
NorAFMSultanMTHJawaidM, et al. Analysing impact properties of CNT filled bamboo/glass hybrid nanocomposites through drop-weight impact testing, UWPI and compression-after-impact behaviour. Compos B Eng2019; 168: 166–174.
103.
KamalakaranRLupoFGrobertN, et al. Microstructural characterization of C–sic–carbon nanotube composite flakes. Carbon N Y2004; 42(1): 1–4.
104.
DingMSahebgharaniNMusharavatiF, et al. Synthesis and properties of HA/zno/CNT nanocomposite. Ceram Int2018; 44(7): 7746–7753.
105.
Reyes RojasAAguilar ElguezabalAPorporatiAA, et al. Performance of metals and ceramics in total hip arthroplasty, Synthesis lectures on biomedical engineering. Cham: Springer Nature, 2023.
106.
WuHLiuWHeR, et al. Fabrication of dense zirconia-toughened alumina ceramics through a stereolithography-based additive manufacturing. Ceram Int2017; 43(1): 968–972.
107.
DixitKSinhaN.Additive manufacturing of carbon nanotube reinforced bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Eng Sci Med Diagn Ther2021; 4(4): 041004.
108.
ZhangSCFahrenholtzWGHilmasGE, et al. Pressureless sintering of carbon nanotube–Al2O3 composites. J Eur Ceram Soc2010; 30(6): 1373–1380.
109.
BakhshNKhalidFAHakeemAS.Synthesis and characterization of pressureless sintered carbon nanotube reinforced alumina nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A2013; 578: 422–429.
110.
Aguilar-ElguézabalABocanegra-BernalMH.Fracture behaviour of α-Al2O3 ceramics reinforced with a mixture of single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Compos B Eng2014; 60: 463–470.
111.
Bocanegra-BernalMHDominguez-RiosCEcheberriaJ, et al. Effect of low-content of carbon nanotubes on the fracture toughness and hardness of carbon nanotube reinforced alumina prepared by sinter, HIP and sinter + HIP routes. Mater Res Express2017; 4(8): 085004.
112.
GhobadiHEbadzadehTSadeghianZ, et al. Microwave-assisted sintering of Al 2 O 3 -mwcnt nanocomposites. Ceram Int2017; 43(8): 6105–6109.
113.
EgorovSVEremeevAGKholoptsevVV, et al. Rapid microwave sintering of alumina ceramics with an addition of carbon nanotubes. Ceram Int2021; 47(4): 4604–4610.
114.
ArunkumarTAnandGSubbiahR, et al. Effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on improvement of fracture toughness of spark-plasma-sintered yttria-stabilized zirconia nanocomposites. J Mater Eng Perform2021; 30(6): 3925–3933.
115.
MazaheriMMariDHesabiZR, et al. Multi-walled carbon nanotube/nanostructured zirconia composites: outstanding mechanical properties in a wide range of temperature. Compos Sci Technol2011; 71(7): 939–945.
116.
PiconiCMaccauroGMuratoriF, et al. Alumina and zirconia ceramics in joint replacements. J Appl Biomater Biomech2003; 1(1): 19–32.
117.
KimD-YHanY-HLeeJH, et al. Characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites consolidated by spark plasma sintering. Biomed Res Int2014; 2014: 1–10.
118.
CorralELCesaranoJShyamA, et al. Engineered nanostructures for multifunctional single-walled carbon nanotube reinforced silicon nitride nanocomposites. J Am Ceram Soc2008; 91(10): 3129–3137.
119.
YamamotoGOmoriMHashidaT, et al. A novel structure for carbon nanotube reinforced alumina composites with improved mechanical properties. Nanotechnol2008; 19(31): 315708.
120.
AhmadIUnwinMCaoH, et al. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced Al2O3 nanocomposites: mechanical properties and interfacial investigations. J Comput Sci Technol2010; 70(8): 1199–1206.
121.
SarkarSDasPK.Microstructure and physicomechanical properties of pressureless sintered multiwalled carbon nanotube/alumina nanocomposites. Ceram Int2012; 38(1): 423–432.
122.
LeeKMoCBParkSB, et al. Mechanical and electrical properties of multiwalled CNT–alumina nanocomposites prepared by a sequential two-step processing of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and spark plasma sintering. J Am Ceram Soc2011; 94(11): 3774–3379.
123.
ThomsonKEJiangDYaoW, et al. Characterization and mechanical testing of alumina-based nanocomposites reinforced with niobium and/or carbon nanotubes fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Acta Mater2012; 60(2): 622–632.
124.
KhanalSPMahfuzHRondinoneAJ, et al. Improvement of the fracture toughness of hydroxyapatite (hap) by incorporation of carboxyl functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes (CfSWCNTs) and nylon. Mater Sci Eng C2016; 60: 204–210.
125.
InamFPeijsTReeceMJ.The production of advanced fine-grained alumina by carbon nanotube addition. J Eur Ceram Soc2011; 31(15): 2853–2859.
126.
SarkarSDasP.Processing and properties of carbon nanotube/alumina nanocomposites: a review. Rev Adv Mater Sci2014; 37(2): 53–82.
127.
KasperskiAWeibelAEstournèsC, et al. Preparation-microstructure-property relationships in double-walled carbon nanotubes/alumina composites. Carbon N Y2013; 53: 62–72.
128.
UjahCOKallonDVVAigbodionVS.Tribological properties of CNTs-reinforced nano composite materials. Lubricants2023; 11(3): 95.
129.
FuQSaizERahamanMN, et al. Toward strong and tough glass and ceramic scaffolds for Bone Repair. Adv Funct Mater2013; 23(44): 5461–5476.
130.
AfrozeJDAbdenMJIslamMA.An efficient method to prepare magnetic hydroxyapatite–functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for bone defects. Mater Sci Eng C2018; 86: 95–102.
131.
RainforthWM.The wear behaviour of oxide ceramics-a review. J Mater Sci2004; 39(22): 6705–6721.
132.
DavidgeRWRileyFL.Grain-size dependence of the wear of alumina. Wear1995; 186-187: 45–49.
133.
YamamotoGOmoriMYokomizoK, et al. Structural characterization and frictional properties of carbon nanotube/alumina composites prepared by precursor method. Mater Sci Eng B2008; 148(1-3): 265–269.
134.
LimD-SYouD-HChoiH-J, et al. Effect of CNT distribution on tribological behavior of alumina–CNT composites. Wear2005; 259(1–6): 539–544.
135.
PuchyVHvizdosPDuszaJ, et al. Wear resistance of Al2O3–CNT ceramic nanocomposites at room and high temperatures. Ceram Int2013; 39(5): 5821–5826.
136.
ZayedASKamelBMAbdelsadek OsmanT, et al. Experimental study of tribological and mechanical properties of aluminum matrix reinforced by Al2O3/CNTs. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct2019; 27(7): 538–544.
137.
GangulyDShahbazian-YassarRShokuhfarT.Recent advances in nanotubes for orthopedic implants. J Nanotechnol Smart Mater2019; 1(2): 201.
138.
YangLGreenfeldIWagnerHD.Toughness of carbon nanotubes conforms to classic fracture mechanics. Sci Adv2016; 2(2): e1500969.
139.
SammalkorpiMKrasheninnikovAKuronenA, et al. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes with vacancies and related defects. Phys Rev B2004; 70(24): 245416.
140.
De VolderMFTawfickSHBaughmanRH, et al. Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications. Science2013; 339(6119): 535–539.
141.
SaitoNHaniuHUsuiY, et al. Safe clinical use of carbon nanotubes as innovative biomaterials. Chem Rev2014; 114(11): 6040–6079.
142.
EsFShiaLGuoaZG, et al. The recent progress of tribological biomaterials. Biosurf Biotribol2015; 1: 81–97.
143.
GoswamiSGhoshKGhoshR, et al. Little amounts of carbon nanotubes as anti-wear reinforcement for alumina in dry sliding. Int J Appl Ceram Technol2023; 20(2): 1278–1297.
