Rubber anti-vibration components are widely used in rail vehicles as either a primary or a secondary suspension system with long-term service. An essential requirement is to limit the deflections of suspension components not to exceed their structural limitation due to creep in order to avoid early failure over its service life. Temperature is the main environmental factor to account for creep. Traditional hyperelastic approach can only be used for mechanical loading analysis without reference to time. In this article, the primary creep of rubber structures is obtained by introducing time as an additional variable into hyperelastic models. A deviation function from the primary creep due to temperature change is established and also integrated into the proposed model so that the real creep values can be obtained at specified time. The proposed approach has been validated experimentally using a Vee mount, a Metacone component and a Circular mount. It has been shown that real creep value due to temperature change can be obtained from this approach. It is also revealed that the creep due to temperature change is mainly attributed to alternation of the rubber elastic parameters. It is suggested that this approach can be used in a design stage for similar polymer applications.
JazouliSLuoWBremandFet al.Application of time–stress equivalence to nonlinear creep of polycarbonate. Polym Test2005; 24: 463–467.
2.
SchaperyRA. On the characterization of nonlinear viscoelastic materials. Polym Eng Sci1969; 9: 295–310.
3.
YenSCWilliamsonFL. Accelerated characterization of creep response of an off-axis composite material. Compos Sci Technol1990; 38: 103–118.
4.
LuoWWangCHuXet al.Long-term creep assessment of viscoelastic polymer by time-temperature-stress superposition. Acta Mech Solida Sin2012; 25: 571–578.
5.
GuptaARaghavanJ. Creep of plain weave polymer matrix composites under on-axis and off-axis loading. Compos Part A2010; 41: 1289–1300.
6.
AchereinerFEngelsingKBastianMet al.Accelerated creep testing of polymers using the stepped isothermal method. Polym Test2013; 32: 447–454.
7.
StarkovaOYangJZhangZ. Application of time–stress superposition to nonlinear creep of polyamide 66 filled with nanoparticles of various sizes. Compos Sci Technol2007; 67: 2691–2698.
8.
TomlinsPReadBDeanG. The effect of temperature on creep and physical ageing of poly (vinyl chloride). Polymer1994; 35: 4376–4381.
9.
DeanG. Modelling and analysis of creep data for plastics at elevated temperatures. Polym Test2011; 30: 229–235.
10.
KolarikJPegorettiJ. Non-linear tensile creep of polypropylene: time-strain superposition and creep prediction. Polymer2006; 47: 346–356.
11.
KolarikJPegorettiJ. Proposal of the Boltzmann-like superposition principle for nonlinear tensile creep of thermoplastics. Polym Test2008; 27: 596–606.
12.
GentA. Relaxation processes in vulcanized rubber. I. Relation among stress relaxation, creep, recovery, and hysteresis. J Appl Polym Sci1962; 6: 442–448.
13.
GnipIYVaitkusSKersulisVet al.Long-term prediction of compressive creep development in expanded polystyrene. Polym Test2008; 27: 378–391.
14.
BowerA. Applied mechanics of solids, USA: CRC Press, 2010.
15.
Findley N, Lai J and Onaran K. Creep and relaxation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials: with introduction to linear viscoelasticity. USA: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1989.
16.
FerryJ. Viscoelastic properties of polymers. 3rd ed, Cananda: Wiley, 1980.
OlafHAndreasW. Hyperelastic constitutive modeling with exponential decay and application to a viscoelastic adhesive. Int J Solids Struct2018; 141–142: 60–72.
19.
OmanSNagodeM. Observation of the relation between uniaxial creep and stress relaxation of filled rubber. Mater Des2014; 60: 451–457.
20.
HesamK. Application of fractional time derivatives in modeling the finite deformation viscoelastic behavior of carbon-black filled NR and SBR. Polym Test2018; 68: 110–115.
21.
YinBYHuXLSongK. Evaluation of classic and fractional models as constitutive relations for carbon black–filled rubber. J Elastomers Plast2018; 50: 463–477.
22.
LuytPTheronNPietraF. Non-linear finite element modelling and analysis of the effect of gasket creep-relaxation on circular bolted flange connections. Int J Press Vessels Pip2017; 150: 52–61.
23.
LeonardoIFCEzequielAGHJosePG. Compatibility study of common sealing elastomers with a biolubricant (Jatropha oil). Tribol Int2017; 116: 1–8.
24.
CaoWDLiuSTLiXX. Laboratory evaluation of the effect of composite modifier on the performance of asphalt concrete mixture. Constr Build Mater2017; 155: 363–370.
25.
LvSTWangSSGuoTet al.Laboratory evaluation on performance of compound-modified asphalt for rock asphalt/styrene–butadiene rubber (sbr) and rock asphalt/nano-CaCO3. Appl Sci2018; 1009: 1–17.
26.
CarleoFBarbieriEWhearRet al.Limitations of viscoelastic constitutive models for carbon-black reinforced rubber in medium dynamic strains and medium strain rates. Polymers2018; 988: 1–25.
27.
FernandesDFocatiisD. The role of deformation history on stress relaxation and stress memory of filled rubber. Polym Test2014; 40: 124–132.
28.
NittaKMaedaH. Creep behaviour of high density polyethylene under a constant true stress. Polym Test2010; 29: 60–65.
29.
PinterGHaagerMLangR. Influence of nonylphenol–polyglycol–ether environments on the results of the full notch creep test. Polym Test2007; 26: 700–710.
30.
LuoRKZhouXTangJ. Numerical prediction and experiment on rubber creep and stress relaxation using time-dependent hyperelastic approach. Polym Test2016; 52: 246–253.
31.
LuoR. Creep simulation and experiment for rubber springs. J Mater Des Appl2016; 230: 681–688.
32.
LuoR. Creep modelling and unloading evaluation of the rubber suspensions of rail vehicles. J Rail and Rapid Transit2016; 230: 1077–1087.
33.
LuoRKWuXPengL. Creep loading response and complete loading-unloading investigation of industrial anti-vibration systems. Polym Test2015; 46: 134–143.
34.
LuoRK. Numerical prediction & case validation for rubber anti-vibration system, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017.
35.
LuoRKWuXPengLM. Mullins effect modelling and experiment for anti-vibration systems. Polym Test2014; 40: 304–312.
36.
OgdenR. Non-linear elastic deformation, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
37.
Dassault Systems. Abaqus user manual, USA: Dassault Systems, 2016.
38.
LuoRKGahaganPGWuWXet al.Determination of rubber material properties for finite element analysis from actual products. In: Dieter BSchuster RHIhlemann J (eds). Constitutive models for rubber, Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Balkema, 2001, pp. 257–260.
