In this research work, the nanosecond fiber laser micro-drilling process on titanium was performed and investigated. Micro-drilling using the trepanning method is a preferred way to overcome hole taperness and create holes of desired dimensions. This study was focused on determining the effects of different processing environments on laser micro-drilled holes while keeping all other laser-related parameters constant. Experiments were performed to drill through holes of four different target diameters of 50, 100, 150, and 200 μm in the 0.5 mm thick titanium sheet. Scanning speed, laser power, pulse width, and pulse frequency of the laser were kept constant during the micro-drilling experiments. The number of passes was varied at three different levels viz, 50 passes, 75 passes, and 100 passes to determine the effect of the number of scans on hole dimensions and other output parameters. Experiments were performed under four different processing conditions, namely open air, under static water, under surfactant mix static water, and under flowing water conditions. Output hole diameter, heat affected zone, circularity, and taperness were measured for all the drilled holes. The mechanism of laser ablation under different processing conditions has been outlined. While the processing under flowing water conditions resulted in a minimum heat affected zone, processing with surfactant was observed to be delivering the drill hole diameter closest to the desired dimensions with the highest circularity and lowest taperness.
CorbettJMcKeownPAPeggsGN, et al. Nanotechnology: international developments and emerging products. CIRP Ann2000; 49(2): 523–545.
2.
LiBLiuZWangH, et al. Study on the stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti micro-hole drilling experiment. Appl Mech Mater2014; 596: 43–46.
3.
RahamathullahIShunmugamM.Analyses of forces and hole quality in micro-drilling of carbon fabric laminate composites. J Compos Mater2013; 47(9): 1129–1140.
4.
WangHJYangT.A review on laser drilling and cutting of silicon. J Eur Ceram Soc2021; 41(10): 4997–5015.
5.
KruegerRSchulz RuhtenbergMRoesenerB, et al. LIDE: high aspect ratio glass processing technology for the mass production of microfluidic devices for biomedical applications. In: Microfluidics, bioMEMS, and medical microsystems, SPIE BiOS, San Francisco, CA, 4 March 2019, vol. 10875, pp.19–28. SPIE.
6.
SharpMC.4 - Laser processing of medical devices. In: MeglinskiI (ed.) Biophotonics for medical applications. Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials. Sawston, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2015, pp.79–98.
7.
ShuklaSJainRGangopadhyayS.Measurement and analysis of radial force, radial torque and surface integrity in micro-drilling of an Al7075-T6 alloy. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2024; 238(8): 1183–1195.
8.
PrakashS.Experimental investigation of surface defects in low-power CO2 laser engraving of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Polym Compos2019; 40(12): 4704–4715.
9.
KumarNPrakashSKumarS.Studies of laser textured Ti-6Al-4V wettability for implants. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2016; 149: 012056.
10.
StephenASchraufGMehrafsunS, et al. High speed laser micro drilling for aerospace applications. Procedia CIRP2014; 24: 130–133.
11.
NicholsonJW.Titanium alloys for dental implants: a review. Prosthesis2020; 2(2): 100–116.
12.
ZhangYTBottausciFRaoMP, et al. Titanium-based dielectrophoresis devices for microfluidic applications. Biomed Microdevices2008; 10: 509–517.
13.
HungWCumminsKBrockD, et al. Micromachining and electrochemical nanopolishing of titanium microchannels. J Manuf Des Sci2015; 2: 1–10.
14.
EzugwuEOWangZM.Titanium alloys and their machinability a review. J Mater Process Technol1997; 68(3): 262–274.
15.
KimDWLeeYSChuCN, et al. Prevention of exit burr in microdrilling of metal foils by using a cyanoacrylate adhesive. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2006; 27: 1071–1076.
16.
KudlaLA.Deformations and strength of miniature drills. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2006; 220(3): 389–396.
17.
HeinemannRHindujaSBarrowG, et al. The performance of small diameter twist drills in deep-hole drilling. J Manuf Sci Eng2006; 128: 884–892.
18.
KudesiaSSSolanaPRoddenWS, et al. Appropriate regimes of laser drilling models containing melt eject mechanisms. J Laser Appl2002; 14: 159–164.
19.
GaoJMeiXDongJ, et al. Effects of the processing parameters and laser textures in friction stir spot welding of Al alloy and polyimide joints. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture. Epub ahead of print 17 May 2024. DOI: 10.1177/09544054241252859
20.
RazaMSDattaSSahaP.Thermal and morphological analysis of the interaction effect of different assist gases with gas-filled closed-cell aluminium foam during laser cutting process. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2023; 237(13): 1958–1969.
21.
KumarKKSamuelGShunmugamM.An in-depth investigation into high fluence femtosecond laser percussion drilling of titanium alloy. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2023; 237(4): 601–617.
22.
de la HozJLVChengK.Investigation on the modeling and simulation of hydrodynamics in asymmetric conduction laser micro-welding of austenitic stainless steel and its process optimization. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture Epub ahead of print 19 March 2024. DOI: 10.1177/09544054241235839
23.
DattaSRazaMSSahaP, et al. Study on mechanical performance of laser-welded NiTinol sheet. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2023; 237(13): 2073–2084.
24.
WiesenmayerSMerkleinM.Shear-clinching of the high-strength aluminum alloy AA7075 with laser-assisted retrogression. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2024; 238(3): 385–395.
25.
TianYSChenCZLiST, et al. Research progress on laser surface modification of titanium alloys. Appl Surf Sci2005; 242(1): 177–184.
26.
AkhilVArunachalamNRaghavG, et al. Surface texture characterization of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V components using fractal dimension and lacunarity analysis. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2023; 237(13): 2097–2108.
27.
KumarNKumarSPrakashS.Underwater laser texturing for enhanced adhesive joint bonding strength of Al-Mg alloy. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2023; 237(10): 1461–1472.
28.
SantanaTDde RossiWBarbosaPA, et al. Performance of cutting-tool patterns textured via ultrashort laser pulses in the turning of martensitic stainless steel under dry and lubricated conditions. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2024; 238(4): 577–589.
29.
TongXWangS. Effect of laser texturing process on properties of composite coated cemented carbide ball-end milling cutter milling titanium alloy. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2024: 09544054241229496.
30.
DunskyCM.Laser material processing in microelectronics manufacturing: status and near-term opportunities. In: Photon Processing in Microelectronics and Photonics IV (eds FieretJHermanPROkadaT, et al.), vol. 5713. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2005, pp.200–214. SPIE.
31.
DeswalNKantR.Surface integrity analysis of aluminum 3003 alloy during ultrasonic-vibration-laser assisted turning. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2024; 238(6–7): 1057–1068.
32.
JainPSVarsiAMPatelDS, et al. Theoretical and experimental investigations for geometrical error during hemispherical cavity machining on CO2 laser. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture2023; 237(8): 1139–1148.
33.
DabbyFWPaekUC.High-intensity laser-induced vaporization and explosion of solid material. IEEE J Quantum Electron1971; 8: 106–111.
34.
GowerMC.Industrial applications of laser micromachining. Opt Express2000; 7(2): 56–67.
35.
DürrU.Laser drilling in industrial use. Laser Tech J2008; 5: 57–59.
36.
LimGMaiTA.Laser micro-fabrications: present to future applications. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng2002; 4426: 170–176.
37.
LeeYHChoiKJ.Analysis of silicon via hole drilling for wafer level chip stacking by UV laser. Int J Precis Eng Manuf2010; 11: 501–507.
38.
ShiCRenNWangH, et al. Effects of ultrasonic assistance on microhole drilling based on Nd:YAG laser trepanning. Opt Laser Technol2018; 106: 451–460.
39.
PrakashSKumarS.Energy based analysis of laser microchanneling process on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). In: All India manufacturing technology, design and research conference (AIMTDR 2014), IIT Guwahati, Assam, India, 2014.
40.
ChengKHuoD.Micro-cutting: fundamentals and applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
41.
NathAKhareA.Transient evolution of multiple bubbles in laser induced breakdown in water. Laser Part Beams2011; 29: 1–9.
42.
LiuXHuangCLiuH, et al. Modeling and optimizing of laser-assisted waterjet process parameters for near-damage-free micromachining of monocrystalline silicon. Proc IMechE, Part B: J Engineering Manufacture. Epub ahead of print 22 April 2024. DOI: 10.1177/09544054241245763
43.
KruusingA.Underwater and water-assisted laser processing: Part 1—general features, steam cleaning and shock processing. Opt Lasers Eng2004; 41(2): 307–327.
44.
KruusingA.Underwater and water-assisted laser processing: Part 2—etching, cutting and rarely used methods. Opt Lasers Eng2004; 41(2): 329–352.
45.
WeeLMNgEYKPrathamaAH, et al. Micro-machining of silicon wafer in air and under water. Opt Laser Technol2011; 43(1): 62–71.
46.
TsaiCHLiCC.Investigation of underwater laser drilling for brittle substrates. J Mater Process Technol2009; 209(6): 2838–2846.
47.
RenNXiaKYangH, et al. Water-assisted femtosecond laser drilling of alumina ceramics. Ceram Int2021; 47(8): 11465–11473.
48.
KrstulovićNShannonSStefanuikR, et al. Underwater-laser drilling of aluminum. Int J Adv Manuf Technol2013; 69: 1765–1773.
49.
ZhaiZWangWMeiX, et al. Influence of plasma shock wave on the morphology of laser drilling in different environments. Opt Commun2017; 390: 49–56.
50.
LuJXuRQChenX, et al. Mechanisms of laser drilling of metal plates underwater. J Appl Phys2004; 95(8): 3890–3894.
51.
TsujiTOkazakiYTsuboiY, et al. Nanosecond time-resolved observations of laser ablation of silver in water. Jpn J Appl Phys2007; 46: 1533–1535.
52.
KimDOhBLeeH.Effect of liquid film on near-threshold laser ablation of a solid surface. Appl Surf Sci2004; 222(1): 138–147.
53.
BhawalSSHassanPAGawaliSL, et al. Synthesis and aggregation behavior of novel biosurfactants choline cholate and choline deoxy cholate. J Mol Liq2022; 349: 118193.
54.
MuhammadNLiL.Underwater femtosecond laser micromachining of thin nitinol tubes for medical coronary stent manufacture. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process2012; 107(4): 849–861.
55.
NathALahaSSKhareA.Effect of focusing conditions on synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles via laser ablation in titanium water interface. Appl Surf Sci2011; 257(7): 3118–3122.
56.
VidyaSWazeerAEqubalM, et al. Experimental investigation of the dimensional accuracy and circularity when Nd:YAG laser microdrilling Cu sheet. Lasers Eng2023; 55: 169–180.
57.
ZhuHZhangZXuK, et al. Performance evaluation and comparison between direct and chemical-assisted picosecond laser micro-trepanning of single crystalline silicon. Materials2018; 12: 41.
58.
OzturkBMengisLDickesD, et al. Influence of water vapor and temperature on the oxide scale growth and alpha-case formation in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Oxidation Met2022; 97(3): 241–260.
59.
SaetangVWangJMathewP.A comparison of dry and underwater laser micromachining of silicon substrates. Key Eng Mater2010; 443: 693–698.
60.
SimSRRyuDW.A method for instant estimation of the temperature experienced by fire-damaged reinforced concrete structures using titanium. Materials2020; 13(8): 1993.
61.
WangCChengKRakowskiR, et al. An experimental investigation on ultra-precision instrumented smart aerostatic bearing spindle applied to high speed micro-drilling. J Manuf Process2018; 31: 324–335.
62.
ManjunathKTewarySKhatriN, et al. In-process monitoring of the ultraprecision machining process with convolution neural networks. Int J Comput Integr Manuf2024; 37(1–2): 37–54.
63.
HasanMZhaoJJiangZ.A review of modern advancements in micro drilling techniques. J Manuf Process2017; 29: 343–375.
