To gain insight into more about how flame retardants containing phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen affect epoxy resin (EPs), a multicomponent flame retardant (Sp-ACDH) containing P/N/S was synthesized from sodium p-aminobenzene sulfonate (Sp-A), cinnamaldehyde and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and applied to epoxy resin. Sp-ACDH enables the epoxy resin to achieve the desired flame retardancy. For example, with the addition of 10 wt% Sp-ACDH, the epoxy composite passed the UL-94 V-0 rating and achieved an LOI of 32.7%. Additionally, Sp-ACDH effectively slowed down EP’s ability to release heat, with EP-15 Sp-ACDH exhibiting a peak heat release rate (PHRR) that was 680 kW/m2 rather than pure EP’s 1204.4 kW/m2. Eventually, the samples were characterized using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric analysis-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) spectra, and the samples were analyzed, it revealed that Sp-ACDH’s flame-retardant properties were active in both the gas and condensed phases.
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