Highly cross-linked poly(styrene sulfonic acid)-grafted poly(tetrafluoroethylene- co -perfluoropropyl vinyl ether) membranes with various thicknesses and their application to direct methanol fuel cell
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online June, 2014
Highly cross-linked poly(styrene sulfonic acid)-grafted poly(tetrafluoroethylene- co -perfluoropropyl vinyl ether) membranes with various thicknesses and their application to direct methanol fuel cell
Highly cross-linked poly(styrene sulfonic acid)-grafted poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether) (PFA-g-PSSA) membranes with various thicknesses have been successfully prepared through the simultaneous irradiation grafting of styrene/divinylbenzene (DVB) onto PFA films with thicknesses of 25, 50, and 100 μm followed by sulfonation to introduce sulfonic acid moiety. It was observed that a concentrated chlorosulfonic acid solution and a high reaction temperature are needed to provide sufficient sulfonic acid as the thickness of the PFA films and the content of DVB both increase. The physicochemical properties of the prepared membranes such as water uptake, proton conductivity, methanol permeability, and chemical stability, were also investigated in this study.
BhattacharyaAMisraBN. Grafting: a versatile means to modify polymers techniques, factors and applications. Prog Polym Sci2004; 29: 767–814.
2.
DargavilleTRGeoorgeGAHillDJTWhittakerAK. High energy radiation grafting of fluoropolymers. Prog Polym Sci2003; 28: 1355–1376.
3.
NasefMMHegazyESA. Preparation and applications of ion exchange membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of polar monomers onto non-polar films. Prog Polym Sci2004; 29: 499–561.
4.
ChenJSeptianiUAsanoMMaekawaYKubotaHYoshidaM. Comparative study on the preparation and properties of radiation-grafted polymer electrolyte membranes based on fluoropolymer films. J Appl Polym Sci2007; 103: 1966–1972.
5.
FeiGHwangM-LShinJ. A study on the characterization of FEP-g-PVBSA membranes as polymer electrolytes for direct methanol fuel cells. High Perform Polym2011; 23: 555–560.
HermanHSladeRCTVarcoeJR. The radiation-grafting of vinylbenzyl chloride onto poly(hexafluoropropylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) films with subsequent conversion to alkaline anion-exchange membranes: optimisation of the experimental conditions and characterization. J Membr Sci2003; 218: 147–163.
8.
HicknerMAGhassemiHKimYSEinslaBRMcGrathJE. Alternative polymer systems for proton exchange membranes. Chem Rev2004; 104: 4587–4612.
9.
HorsfallJALovellKV. Synthesis and characterisation of sulfonic acid-containing ion exchange membranes based on hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon polymers. Eur Polym J2002; 38: 1671–1682.
10.
NasefMMSaidiHNorHM. Proton exchange membranes prepared by simultaneous radiation grafting of styrene onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) films. I. Effect of grafting conditions. J Appl Polym Sci2000; 76: 220–227.
11.
ShinJKoB-SKangS-AFeiGNhoY-CKangP-H. A study on the distribution of polystyrene sulfonic acid grafts over the cross-section of a PFA film. Nucl Instrum Meth B2009; 267: 791–794.
ChenJAsanoMYamakiTYoshidaM. Improvement of chemical stability of polymer electrolyte fuel cell membranes by grafting of new substituted styrene monomers into ETFE films. J Mater Sci2006; 41: 1289–1292.
14.
ChenJAsanoMYamakiTYoshidaM. Effect of crosslinkers on the preparation and properties of ETFE-based radiation-grafted polymer electrolyte membranes. J Appl Polym Sci2006; 100: 4565–4575.
SohnJ-YSungH-JShinJKoB-SSongJ-MNhoYC. Radiation grafting of binary monomers for the preparation of organic/inorganic hybrid membrane for proton exchange membrane fuel cell application. Macromol Res2012; 20: 912–919.
17.
SohnJ-YSungH-JSongJ-MShinJNhoYC. Radiation-grafted proton exchange membranes based on co-grafting from binary monomer mixtures into poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) film. Rad Phys Chem2012; 81: 923–926.
18.
GuptaBBüchiFNSchererGGChapiróA. Crosslinked ion exchange membranes by radiation grafting of styrene/divinylbenzene into FEP films. J Membr Sci1996; 118: 231–238.
19.
KangS-AShinJFeiGKoB-SKimC-YNhoY-C. Preparation of crosslinked polystyrene-grafted PFA films by a simultaneous irradiation method. J Ind Eng Chem2009; 15: 516–519.
20.
KangS-AShinJFeiGKoB-SKimC-YNhoY-C. Radiolytic preparation of poly(styrene sulfonic acid)-grafted poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluorovinyl vinyl ether) membranes with highly cross-linked networks. Nucl Instrum Meth Phys Res B2010; 268: 3458–3463.
21.
NasefMMSaidiH. Preparation of crosslinked cation exchange membranes by radiation grafting of styrene/divinylbenzene mixtures onto PFA films. J Membr Sci2003; 216: 27–38.
22.
HikitaSYamaneKNakajimaY. Measurement of methanol crossover in direct methanol fuel cell. JSAE Rev2001; 22: 151–156.
23.
JungDHLeeCHKimCSShinDR. Performance of a direct methanol polymer electrolyte fuel cell. J Power Sourc1998; 71: 169–173.
24.
LingJSavadogoO. Comparison of methanol crossover among four types of Nafion membranes. J Electrochem Soc2004; 151: A1604–A1610.
25.
LiuJGZhaoTSLiangZXChenR. Effect of membrane thickness on the performance and efficiency of passive direct methanol fuel cells. J Power Sourc2006; 153: 61–67.
26.
RenXMWilsonMSGottesfeldS. High performance direct methanol polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc1996; 143: L12–L15.
27.
SladeSCampbellSARalphTRWalshFC. Ionic conductivity of an extruded Nafion 1100EW series of membrane. J Electrochem Soc2002; 149: A1556–1564.
28.
CremlynRJ. Chlorosulfonic acid: a versatile reagent. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.
29.
BalogSGasserUMortensenKGublerLSchererGGYoucefHB. Correlation between morphology, water uptake, and proton conductivity in radiation-grafted proton-exchange membranes. Macromol Chem Phys2010; 211: 635–643.
