The effect of an organophosphonite antioxidant on poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(ether imide) blend as studied by quasi-isothermal modulated differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis methods
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online May, 2014
The effect of an organophosphonite antioxidant on poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(ether imide) blend as studied by quasi-isothermal modulated differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis methods
In the present study, the effect of P-EPQ, an organophosphonite antioxidant, on the glass transition and the viscoelastic behavior of optimized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)/poly(ether imide) (PEI; PEEK/PEI: 50/50) blend has been reported. For this, P-EPQ was added in various proportions to the PEEK/PEI blend and was studied by quasi-isothermal modulated differential scanning calorimetry (Qi-MDSC) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) methods. The Qi-MDSC results clearly indicate a significant decrease in the glass transition temperature of the blend up to 1 wt% P-EPQ addition. The DMTA measurements revealed a decrease in tan δ peak temperature upon antioxidant addition in agreement with calorimetric results. The shift factors obtained using the time–temperature superposition of DMTA data exhibit Williams–Landel–Ferry behavior, and the fractional free volume of the blend increases with increase in antioxidant addition (up to 1 wt%). The “master curve” of storage modulus predicts high modulus for the blend with 1 wt% antioxidant, revealing its suitability for high-impact applications.
SeidelA. Processing and finishing of polymeric materials Vol. 2. New Jersey, NJ: Wiley, 2011.
3.
La MantiaFPScaffaroR. Melt stabilization of wet polyamide 6. Polym Degrad Stab2002; 75: 473–477.
4.
Al-MalaikaSPengX. Stabilization of metallocene ethylene-1-octene copolymers during multiple extrusions. Polym Degrad Stab2008; 93: 1619–1631.
5.
DjouaniFRichaudEFayolleBVerduJ. Modelling of thermal oxidation of phosphite stabilized polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab2011; 96: 1349–1360.
6.
ShanksDAl-MaharikNMalmströmJEngmanLErikssonP. Improved antioxidant formulations for polymeric materials – synergistic protective effects in combinations of organotellurium compounds with conventional phenolic antioxidants or thiols. Polym Degrad Stab2003; 81: 261–271.
7.
KrishnaswamyRKYangQFernandez-BellesterLKornfieldJA. Effect of the distribution of short-chain branches on crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene. Macromolecules2008; 41: 1693–1704.
8.
GarciaMSDLópezJMBouzaRAbadMJSotoEGRodríguezMVG. Extraction and quantification of antioxidants from low density polyethylene by microwave energy and liquid chromatography. Anal Chem Acta2004; 521: 179–188.
9.
FöldesEMaloschikEKristonIStaniekPPukánszkyB. Efficiency and mechanism of phosphorous antioxidants in Phillips type polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab2006; 91: 479–487.
10.
CarroccioSPuglisiCMontaudoG. New vistas in polymer degradation. Thermal oxidation processes in poly(ether imide). Macromolecules2005; 38: 6849–6862.
11.
RamaniRAlamS. Influence of poly(ether imide) on the free volume hole size and distributions in poly(ether ether ketone). J Appl Polym Sci2012; 125: 3200–3210.
12.
RamaniRAlamS. Composition optimization of PEEK/PEI blend using model-free kinetics analysis. Thermochim Acta2010; 511: 179–188.
13.
RamaniRAlamS. Influence of an organophosphonite antioxidant on the thermal behavior of PEEK/PEI blend. Thermochim Acta2012; 550: 33–41.
14.
PatelPHullTRLyonREStoliarovSIWaltersRNCrowleyS. Investigation of the thermal decomposition and flammability of PEEK and its carbon and glass-fibre composites. Polym Degrad Stab2011; 96: 12–22.
15.
ZhaoJShanJAsscheGVTenhuHMeleBV. Demixing and remixing kinetics in aqueous dispersions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes bound to gold nanoparticles studied by means of modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry. Macromolecules2009; 42: 5317–5327.
16.
WunderlichB. Reversible crystallization and the rigid-amorphous phase in semicrystalline macromolecules. Prog Polym Sci2003; 28: 383–450.
17.
DurmeKVVerbruggheSPrezFEDMeleBV. Influence of poly(ethylene oxide) grafts on kinetics of LCST behavior in aqueous poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) solutions and networks studied by modulated temperature DSC. Macromolecules2004; 37: 1054–1061.
18.
SwierSPietersRMeleBV. Kinetics of demixing and remixing in poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(ether sulphone) blends as studied by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry. Polymer2002; 43: 3611–3620.
19.
DurmeKVAsscheGVMeleBV. Kinetics of demixing and remixing in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/water studied by modulated temperature DSC. Macromolecules2004; 37: 9596–9605.
20.
XuHCebeP. Heat capacity study of isotactic polystyrene: dual reversible crystal melting and relaxation of rigid amorphous fraction. Macromolecules2004; 37: 2797–2806.
21.
DurmeKVAsscheGVNiesEMeleBV. Phase transformations in aqueous low molar mass poly(vinyl methyl ether) solutions: theoretical prediction and experimental validation of the peculiar solvent melting line, bimodal LCST and (adjacent) UCST miscibility gaps. J Phys Chem B2007; 111: 1288–1295.
22.
ChenHCebeP. Vitrification and devitrification of rigid amorphous fraction of PET during quasi-isothermal cooling and heating. Macromolecules2009; 42: 288–292.
23.
AndroschRLorenzoMLDSchickCWunderlichB. Mesophases in polyethylene, polypropylene and poly(1-butene). Polymer2010; 51: 4639–4662
24.
MaQGeorgievGCebeP. Constraints in semicrystalline polymers: using quasi-isothermal analysis to investigate the mechanisms of formation and loss of the rigid amorphous fraction. Polymer2011; 52: 4562–4570.
25.
MenardKP. Dynamic mechanical analysis: a practical introduction. New York, NY: CRC press, 1999.
26.
AlvesNMRibellesJLGTejedorJAGManoJF. Viscoelastic behaviour of poly(methyl methacrylate) networks with different cross-linking degrees. Macromolecules2004; 37: 3735–3744.
27.
KopeskyETHaddadTSMcKinleyGHCohenRE. Miscibility and viscoelastic properties of acrylic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. Polymer2005; 46: 4743–4752.
28.
VaidyanathanTKVaidyanathanJCherianZ. Extended creep behavior of dental composites using time-temperature superposition principle. Dent Mater2003; 19: 46–53.
29.
BizetSGalyJGérardJF. Structure-property relationships in organic- inorganic nanomaterials based on methacryl-POSS and dimethacrylate networks. Macromoelcules2006; 39: 2574–2583.
30.
ErhardDPGiesaRAltsdädtVSchmidtHW. Charge storage performance of polyetherimide Ultem-1000: influence of secondary antioxidants and purification. J Appl Polym Sci2010; 115: 1247–1255.
31.
ShlyapnikovYUA.Physical chemistry of topological disorder in polymers. Some comments on reactions kinetics of low molecular antioxidants. Eur Polym J1998; 34: 1177–1184.
32.
MiltnerHEAsscheGVPozsgayAPukánszkyBMeleBV. Restricted chain segment mobility in poly(amide) 6/clay nanocomposites evidenced by quasi-isothermal crystallizationPolymer2006; 47: 826–835.
33.
LeeJWThomasLCSchmidtSJ. Effects of heating conditions on the glass transition parameters of amorphous sucrose produced by melt-quenching. J Agric Food Chem2011; 59: 3311–3319.
34.
ZabihiOKhodabandehAMostafaviSM. Preparation, optimization and thermal characterization of a novel conductive thermoset nanocomposite containing polythiophene nanoparticles using dynamic thermal analysis. Polym Degrad Stab2012; 97: 3–13.
35.
RossiGGiannakopoulosIMonticelliLRostedtNKJPuistoSRLoweC. A MARTINI coarse- grained model of a thermoset polyester coating. Macromolecules2011; 44: 6198–6208.
36.
FitzBDJamiolkowskiDDAndjelićS. Tg depression in poly(l(−)-lactide) crystallized under partially constrained conditions. Macromolecules2002; 35: 5869–5872.
37.
ZhangJHeJ. Interfacial compatibilization for PSF/TLCP blends by a modified polysulfone. Polymer2002; 43: 1437–1446.
38.
MarzoccaAJCervenySSalgueiroWSomozaAGonzalezL. Characterization of free volume during vulcanization of styrene butadiene rubber by means of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and dynamical mechanical test. Phys Rev E2002; 65: 021801–021805.
39.
AlvesNMManoJFRibellesJLGTejedorJAG. Departure from the Vogel behaviour in the glass transition thermally stimulated recovery, creep and dynamic mechanical analysis studies. Polymer2004; 45: 1007–1017.
40.
FerryJD. Viscoelastic properties of polymers. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Wiley, 1980.
41.
MustoPRagostaGAbbateMScarinziG. Photo-oxidation of high performance epoxy networks: correlation between the molecular mechanisms of degradation and the viscoelastic and mechanical response. Macromolecules2008; 41: 5729–5743.
