Study of the flame retardancy and thermal properties of unsaturated polyester resin via incorporation of a reactive cyclic phosphorus-containing monomer
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online December, 2013
Study of the flame retardancy and thermal properties of unsaturated polyester resin via incorporation of a reactive cyclic phosphorus-containing monomer
A reactive cyclic phosphorus-containing monomer (ethyl acrylate cyclic glycol phosphate; EACGP) was synthesized in a facile way and various amounts of EACGP were combined with unsaturated polyester by radical bulk polymerization. The resulting flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) samples were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and microscale combustion calorimetry tests. Due to the high phosphorus content of EACGP, incorporation of this monomer led to a marked decrease in the peak heat release rate and the total heat release, an increase in the LOI and the combustion char formation. Furthermore, real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to investigate the thermooxidative degradation behavior of UPRs and the charring effect of EACGP as well as the UPR char morphology was studied, illustrating the flame retardancy mechanism in UPR.
ZhangCLiuSMHuangJYZhaoJQ. The synthesis and flame retardance of a high phosphorus-containing unsaturated polyester resin. Chem Lett2010; 39: 1270–1272.
2.
KuanJFLinKF. Synthesis of hexa-allylamino-cyclotriphosphazene as a reactive fire retardant for unsaturated polyesters. J Appl Polym Sci2004; 91: 697–702.
3.
GotoYOhtaASakoYYamagishiYMurakamiHSugaH. Reprogramming the translation initiation for the synthesis of physiologically stable cyclic peptides. ACS Chem Biol2008; 3: 120–129.
4.
KurataTUeharaAHayashiYIsobeK. Cyclic polyvanadates incorporating template transition metal cationic species: synthesis and structures of hexavanadate [PdV6O18]4−, octavanadate [Cu2V8O24]4−, and decavanadate [Ni4V10O30(OH)2(H2O)6]4. Inorg Chem2005; 44: 2524–2530.
5.
ArtnerJCiesielskiMWalterODoringMPerezRMSandlerJKW. A novel DOPO-based diamine as hardener and flame retardant for epoxy resin systems. Macromol Mater Eng2008; 293: 503–514.
6.
HoangDKimJJangBN. Synthesis and performance of cyclic phosphorus-containing flame retardants. Polym Degrad Stab2008; 93: 2042–2047.
7.
ZhangCHuangJYLiuSMZhaoJQ. The synthesis and properties of a reactive flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resin from a phosphorus-containing diacid. Polym Adv Technol2011; 22: 1768–1777.
8.
SeoYLiYJNakayaT. Preparation and polymerization of 2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl-2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl phosphate and 4-(acryloyloxy)butyl-2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl phosphate. J Macromol Sci A1995; 32: 999–1006.
9.
IshiharaKUedaTNakabayashiN. Preparation of phospholipid polylners and their properties as polymer hydrogel membranes. Polym J1990; 22: 355–360.
10.
StenzelMHDavisTP. Biomimetic honeycomb-structured surfaces formed from block copolymers incorporating acryloyl phosphorylcholine. Aust J Chem2003; 56: 1035–1038.
11.
KandareEKandolaBKPriceDNazareSHorrocksRA. Study of the thermal decomposition of flame-retarded unsaturated polyester resins by thermogravimetric analysis and Py-GC/MS. Polym Degrad Stab2008; 93: 1996–2006.
12.
TibilettiLLonguetCFerryLCoutelenPMasARobinJJ. Thermal degradation and fire behaviour of unsaturated polyesters filled with metallic oxides. Polym Degrad Stab2011; 96: 67–75.
13.
PriceDCunliffeLKBullettKJHullTRMilnesGJEbdonJR. Thermal behaviour of covalently bonded phosphate and phosphonate flame retardant polystyrene systems. Polym Degrad Stab2007; 92: 1101–1114.
14.
TangGWangXXingWZhangPWangBHongN. Thermal degradation and flame retardance of biobased polylactide composites based on aluminum hypophosphite. Ind Eng Chem Res2012; 51: 12009–12016.
15.
ZhangRXiaoXFTaiQLHuangHYangJHuY. Preparation of lignin–silica hybrids and its application in intumescent flame-retardant poly(lactic acid) system. High Perform Polym2012; 24: 738–746.
16.
ChenHZhangKXuJ. Synthesis and characterizations of novel phosphorous–nitrogen-containing poly(ether sulfone)s. Polym Degrad Stab2011; 96: 197–203.
17.
BraunUBalabanovichAISchartelBKnollUArtnerJCiesielskiM. Influence of the oxidation state of phosphorus on the decomposition and fire behaviour of flame-retarded epoxy resin composites. Polymer2006: 47: 8495–8508.
18.
BeninVDurganalaSMorganAB. Synthesis and flame retardant testing of new boronated and phosphonated aromatic compounds. J Mater Chem2012; 22: 1180–1190.
19.
MorganABGalaskaM. Microcombustion calorimetry as a tool for screening flame retardancy in epoxy. Polym Adv Technol2008; 19: 530–546.
20.
TaiQLSongLHuYYuenRKKFengHTaoYJ. Novel styrene polymers functionalized with phosphorus–nitrogen-containing molecules: synthesis and properties. Mater Chem Phys2012; 134: 163–169.
21.
BourbigotSLeBrasMDelobelRTremillonJM. Synergistic effect of zeolite in an intumescence process. Study of the interactions between the polymer and the additives. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans1996; 92: 3435–3444.
22.
BugajnyMBourbigotSLe BrasMDelobelR. The origin and nature of flame retardance in ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers containing hostaflam AP 750. Polym Int1999; 48: 264–270.
23.
ChenXHuYJiaoCSongL. Thermal and UV-curing behavior of phosphate diacrylate used for flame retardant coatings. Prog Org Coat2007; 59: 318–323.
24.
TaiQLChenLJSongLNieSBHuYYuenRKK. Preparation and thermal properties of a novel flame retardant copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab2010; 95: 830–836.
25.
XieXXWangZZhangKXuJ. Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation of phosphorus–nitrogen-containing poly(aryl ether ketone)s. High Perform Polym2012; 24: 521–529.
26.
LevchikSVWeilED. A review of recent progress in phosphorus-based flame retardants. J Fire Sci2006; 24: 345–364.
27.
ZhanJSongLNieSHuY. Combustion properties and thermal degradation behavior of polylactide with an effective intumescent flame retardant. Polym Degrad Stab2009; 94: 291–296.
