Synthesis and characterization of cationic surfactants in the preparation of organobentonite and study their effectiveness on the properties of styrene-butadiene rubber/bentonite composites

Abstract

Two cationic surfactants (N-isopropyl-N, N-dimethyldodecan-1-aminium bromide (S₁) and N-isopropyl-N, N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium bromide (S₂)) are synthesized. The chemical structure of the synthesized surfactants was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ¹H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the synthesized cationic surfactants was determined. CMC decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. Organobentonites are prepared using cationic surfactants (S₁ and S₂) and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. Results of XRD, FTIR, SEM and TGA showed that the surfactants were intercalated into the interlamellar space of bentonite. Organobentonites fillers were added to styrene-butadiene rubber and cured by conventional vulcanization system. The filler loading was varied from 0 to 10 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr). The compounds were characterized with respect to their curing characteristics and mechanical properties. The vulcanization rate and torque value of the organobentonites compounds are sensibly higher than the unmodified bentonite compound.

Keywords

cationic surfactants bentonite organobentonite curing characteristics styrene-butadiene rubber mechanical properties

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Lucilene Betega de

Ana Rita

Francisco

. Valenzuela Díaz organoclays: properties, preparation and applications. Appl Clay Sci 2008; 42 (1–2): 8–24.

Soule

Burns

. Effects of organic cation structure on behavior of organobentonites. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 2001; 127: 363–370.

Supri

Salmah

Hazwan

. Low density polyethylene-nanoclay composites: the effect of poly(acrylic acid) on mechanical properties, XRD, morphology properties and water absorption. Malaysia Polym J 2008; 3(2): 39–53.

Arroyo

ópez-Manchado

Herrero

. Organo-montmorillonite as substitute of carbon black in natural rubber compounds. Polymer 2003; 44: 2447–2453.

Haydn

H Murray

. Overview-clay mineral applications. Appl Clay Sci 1991; 5: 379–395.

Alexandre

Dubois

. Polymer-layer silicate nanocomposites preparation, properties and uses of anew class of materials. Mater Sci Eng 2000; 28: 1–63.

Lagaly

Beneke

. Intercalation and exchange reactions of clay minerals and non-clay layer compound. Colloid Polymer Sci 1991; 269: 1198–1211.

Abdollahi

Rahmatpour

Aalaie

Khanbabae

. Preparation and evaluation of the microstructure and properties of natural rubber/sodiummontmorillonite nanocomposites. Iran Polymer J 2008; 17(7): 519–529.

Barikani

, Barmar M and Fereidounnia M. Study of polyurethane/clay nanocomposites produced via melt intercalation method. Iran Polymer J 2006; 15: 709–714.

10.

Liu

Jia

Luo

Guo

. Preparation, structure and properties of nitrile-butadiene rubber-organoclay nanocomposites by reactive mixing intercalation method. J Appl Polymer Sci 2006; 100: 1905–1913.

11.

Ahmadi

Yudong

. Synthesis of EPDM organoclay nanocomposites: effect of the clay\ exfoliation on structure and physical properties. Iran Polymer J 2004; 13: 415–422.

12.

Usuki

Tukigase

Kato

. Preparation and properties of EPDM-clay hybrids. Polymer 2002; 43: 2185–2189.

13.

Arroyo

López-Manchado

Herrero

. Organo-montmorillonite as substitute of carbon black in natural rubber compounds. Polymer 2003; 44: 2447–2453.

14.

Song

Wong

Jin

Ansarifar

Zhang

Richardson

. Preparation and characterization of poly (styrene-co-butadiene) and polybutadiene rubber/clay nanocomposites. Polymer Int 2005; 54: 560–568.

15.

Jia

Mao

Zhang

. Combining in-situ organic modification of montmorillonite and the latex compounding method to prepare high-performance rubber-montmorillonite nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng 2006; 291: 218–226.

16.

Abdollahi

Rahmatpour

Aalaie

Khanli

HH.

Structure and properties of styrene-butadiene rubber/pristine clay nanocomposites prepared by latex compounding method. e-Polymers 2007 Paper no. 074, ISSN 1618-7229: 1-11.

17.

Razzaghi-Kashani

Hasankhani

Kokabi

. Improvement in physical and mechanical properties of butyl rubber with montmorillonite organoclay. Iran Polymer J 2007; 16: 671–679.

18.

Hegazy

. A novel Schiff base-based cationic gemini surfactants: synthesis and effect on corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Corrosion Sci 2009; 51: 2610–2618.

19.

López-Manchado

Herrero

Arroyo

. Preparation and characterization of organoclay nanocomposites based on natural rubber. Polym Int 2003; 52: 1070–1077.

20.

Frost

Horvath

Mako

Kristof

Cseh

. The effect of mechanochemical activation upon the intercalation of a high-defect kaolinite with formamide. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 265: 386–395.

21.

Frost

Horvath

Mako

Kristof

Redey

. Slow transformation of mechanically dehydroxylated kaolinite to kaolinite: an aged mechanochemically activated formamide-intercalated kaolinite study. Thermochimica Acta 2003; 408: 103–113.

22.

Frost

Kristof

Kristof Ding

Horvath

2001, a clay odyssey. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Clay Conference, Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 22–28 July, 2001 (2003), p. 523–530.

23.

Önal

Sarıkaya

. Thermal analysis of some organoclays. J Therm Anal Calorim 2008; 91: 261–265.

24.

Zheng

Zhang

Peng

Zhang

Influence of the clay modification and compatibilizer on the structure and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene rubber/montmorillonite composites. J Appl Polymer Sci 2004; 92: 638–646.

25.

Jyh

George

Zong

Wei

. The characterization of organic modified clay and clay filled PMMA nanocomposite. J Appl Polymer Sci 2002; 83: 1702–1710.

26.

Sadhu

Bhowmick

. Preparation and properties of styrene butadiene rubber based nanocomposites: the influence of the structural and processing parameters. J Appl Polymer Sci 2004; 92: 698–709.

27.

Ismail

Freakley

Sutherland

Sheng

Effects of multifunctional additive on mechanical properties of silica filled natural rubber compound. Eur Polymer J 1995; 31: 1109–1117.

28.

Min-Su

Gue-Hyun

Subhendu Ray

. Polybutadiene rubber/organoclay nanocomposites: effect of organoclay with various modifier concentrations on the vulcanization behavior and mechanical properties. Polymer Eng Sci 2007; 47: 308–313.

29.

Mousa

and Karger-Kocsis. Rheological and thermodynamical behavior of styrene/butadiene rubber-organoclay nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng 2001; 286: 260–266.

30.

Varghese

Karger-Kocsis

Gatos

. Melt compounded epoxidized natural rubber/layered silicate nanocomposites: structure-properties relationships. Polymer 2003; 44: 3977–3983.

31.

Varghese

Karger-Kocsis

. Melt-compounded natural rubber nanocomposites with pristine and organophilic layered silicates of natural and synthetic origin. J Appl Polymer Sci 2004; 91: 813–819.

32.

Nieuwenhuizen

Ehlers

Hofstraat

. The first theoretical and experimental proof of polythiocarbamatozinc(II) complexes, catalysts for sulfur vulcanization. Chem A Eur J 1998; 4: 1816–1821.

33.

Reyneke-barnard

Gradwell

MHS

McGill

WJ.

N,N′-Pentamethylenethiuram disulfide- and N,N′-pentamethylenethiuram hexasulfide-accelerated sulfur vulcanization. II. Relative stability of N,N′-pentamethylenethiuram disulfide and tetramethylthiuram disulfide with respect to amine formation. J Appl Polymer Sci 2000; 77: 2732–2739.

34.

Dirksen

Nieuwenhuizen

Hoogenraad

Haasnoot

Reedijk

. New mechanism for the reaction of amines with zinc dithiocarbamates. J Appl Polymer Sci 2001; 79: 1074–1083.

35.

Mousa

Karger-Kocsis

. Rhelogical and thermodynamical behavior of styrene/butadiene rubber-organoclay nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng 2001; 286: 260–266.

36.

Flory

. Principles of polymer chemistry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell university, 1953.

37.

Ismail

Khalaf

. Styrene–butadiene rubber/graphite powder composites: rheometrical, physicomechanical, and morphological properties. J Appl Polymer Sci 2011; 120: 298–304.