For two decades, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has had two programmes to sponsor industry/university centres: the Industry/University Cooperative Research (IUCRC) Program and the Engineering Research Centers (ERC) Program. To date, over 70 IUCRC centres have been started by NSF, and over 25 ERC centres have been started. NSF also has a programme to encourage industry/university partnerships on individual projects. From these and other programmes, many lessons have been learned for encouraging productive industry/university/government research partnerships. This article generalizes lessons about appropriate partnerships.
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