This article sets Winning in a World Economy in the context of Canadian concern about competitiveness, technological innovation and R&D. It examines reports studying these issues that have been published since the Science Council of Canada was founded in 1966, and shows how these led to publication of Winning in a World Economy. Through this report the Science Council called for Canadian universities to redefine themselves as the ‘service university’, which is analysed in detail.
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References
1.
Research Manpower: Managing Supply and Demand, OECD, Paris, 1989, p 15.
2.
Report, Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada, Vol II, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, 1985, p 96.
3.
See, by way of comparison, LappingM., University/Industry Cooperation to Promote Economic Development in Sweden, Swedish Information Service, Report No 33, Stockholm, 1987.
4.
DoernC. Bruce, ‘The allocation of research-and-development resources’, in OfficerL.SmithL., eds, Issues in Canadian Economics, McGraw Hill Ryerson, Toronto, 1974, pp 341–351. See, too, BrittonJohn N.H., ‘High technology industry in Canada: locational and policy issues of the technology gap’, in BrehenyM.QuaidR., eds, The Development of High Technology Industries, Croom Helm, London, 1987, pp 143–191.
5.
Op cit Ref 2, p 98.
6.
Ibid, p 99.
7.
A Statistical Portrait of Higher Education in Canada, Secretariat, National Forum on Post-Secondary Education, Ottawa, 1987, p 7.
8.
Science Council of Canada, Winning in a World Economy: University—Industry Interaction and Economic Renewal in Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, 1988, p 1.
9.
Op cit Ref 2, p 101.
10.
Though private sector R&D investment increased in the early to mid-1980s, Leclerc argues that it increased and then plateaued from 1980 to 1985. See, LeclercM., ‘Le financement corporatif de la recherche universitare’, Le revue canadienne d'enseignement supérieur, Vol 28, No 1, 1988, pp 13–19.
11.
Op cit Ref 8.
12.
Science Council of Canada, The Role of the Federal Government in Support of Research in Canadian Universities, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, 1969.
13.
A Science Policy for Canada, Report of the Special Committee of the Senate on Science Policy [the LaMontagne Report], Ottawa, 1970, 1972, 1973 and 1977.
14.
Science Council of Canada, Erosion of the Research Manpower Base in Canada: A Statement of Concern (1976), as quoted in GoganNiall J., The Development of Research Administration and Management in Canadian Universities, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1985.
15.
MaxwellJudithCurrieStephanie, Partnership for Growth: Corporate—University Cooperation in Canada, Corporate—Higher Education Forum, Montreal, 1984.
16.
Ibid, p 1.
17.
Ibid, pp 2–3.
18.
GilliesJames, ‘The Forum — the need and the issues’, in Addresses to the Forum: Partial Proceedings of the First Two General Meetings, Corporate—Higher Education Forum, Montreal, 1984.
19.
MacAulayJames B.DufourPaul, The Machine in the Garden: The Advent of the Industrial Research Infrastructure in the Academic Milieu, Science Council of Canada, Discussion paper D84/1, Ottawa, 1984, p 12.
20.
Ibid, p 120.
21.
Ibid, pp 121–124.
22.
Kenney-WallaceGeraldine A., as quoted in Minutes of the 7th Committee Meeting of the University Study, 28 August 1986, p 4.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Minutes of the 9th Committee Meeting of the University Study 15 May, 1987, p 2.
25.
Minutes of the 2nd Committee Meeting of the University Study, 10 April 1985, p 1.
26.
Minutes of the 4th Committee Meeting of the University Study, 6 September 1985, p 3.
27.
Kenney-WallaceGeraldine A., ‘Final Report’, Memorandum to Philip Enros, 16 January 1988, p 1.
28.
Kenney-WallaceGeraldine A., Transcript of a Talk to the Corporate Members Conference of the Canadian Association of Physicists, Toronto, 7 May 1987.
29.
Kenney-WallaceGeraldine, ‘Prologue’, in Winning in a World Economy, op cit Ref 8, p ix.
30.
EnrosPhilip, ‘Impact of the university—industry interaction study’, Memorandum to G. Steed, 1 September 1988, pp 1–2.
31.
Op cit Ref 8, p 11.
32.
Ibid, p 15.
33.
Ibid, pp 15–16.
34.
Ibid, p 31.
35.
Ibid, p 33.
36.
Ibid, pp 35–36.
37.
Ibid, p 41.
38.
EnrosPhilipFarleyMichael, University Offices of Technology Transfer: Toward the Service University, Science Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1986, p 16.
39.
LyntonE.A., ‘Reexamining the role of the university: a crisis of purpose’, Change, Vol 15, No 7, 1983, pp 18–23, 53, as quoted in Enros and Farley, op cit, Ref 38, p 16.
40.
Op cit Ref 8, pp 41–46.
41.
NewsonJaniceBuchbinderHoward, The University Means Business: Universities, Corporations and Academic Work, Garamond Press, Toronto, 1988, p 84.
42.
Ibid, p 82.
43.
SkolnikM.L., ‘Review’, Canadian Journal of Higher Education, Vol 18, No 1, 1988, p 81.
44.
KrimskySheldon, ‘The new corporate identity of the American university’, Alternatives, Vol 14, No 2, May/June 1987, p 20.
45.
NelsonR., ‘Institutions supporting technical advances in industry’, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, Vol 76, No 2, 1986, p 188.
46.
RobertsE.PetersD., ‘Commercial innovation from university faculty’, Research Policy, Vol 10, 1987, p 109.
47.
See MarkusenA.HallP.GlasmeierA., High Tech America: The What, How, Where, and Why of the Sunrise Industries, Allen & Unwin, Boston, 1986.
48.
Government Accounting Office, Engineering Research Centers: NSF Program Management and Industrial Sponsorship, General Accounting Office, No pp. 88–177, Washington DC, 1988.
49.
FellerIrwin, Universities as Engines of R&D-based Economic Growth: They Think They Can, unpublished Ms., Institute for Policy Research and Evaluation, Pennsylvania State University, 1989.
