Non-standard (alternatively, flexible) employment has become common in the Netherlands, and viewed as an important weapon for combating youth unemployment. However, if such jobs are ‘bad’, non-standard employment becomes a matter of concern. In addition, non-standard employment may hit the least qualified, excluding them from the primary segment of the labour market, where ‘good’ jobs are found. We first examine whether less-educated school leavers more often end up in a job with a non-standard employment contract than the higher educated. Then, we investigate the effect of having a non-standard employment contract on job advantages in terms of wages. The data come from three large-scale Dutch school leaver surveys as held in 2001.The results show: (a) less-educated school leavers indeed are more likely to have a non-standard contract than more highly educated ones, while (b) those in non-standard employment earn less in their jobs. A substantial part of these differences can be ascribed to the segment of the labour market in which school leavers work.
Atkinson, J. (1985) Flexibility, Uncertainty and Manpower Management. Brighton: Institute of Manpower Studies .
2.
Becker, G. (1964) Human Capital. A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research .
3.
de Beer, P. (2001) Over Werken in de Postindustriële Maatschappij. Rijswijk: Social and Cultural Planning Office .
4.
Belous, R. (1989) The Contingent Economy: The Growth of the Temporary, Part-Time, and Subcontracted Workforce. Washington, DC: National Planning Association .
5.
Blank, R. (1998) ‘Contingent Work in a Changing Labor Market’, in R. Freeman and P. Gottschalk (eds) Generating Jobs: How to Increase Demand for Less-Skilled Workers, pp. 258-294. New York: Russell Sage Foundation .
6.
Bourdieu, P. (1973) ‘Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction’, in R. Brown (ed.) Knowledge, Education and Social Change, pp. 71-112. London: Tavistock .
7.
Brodsky, M. (1994) ‘Labor Market Flexibility: A Changing International Perspective’ , Monthly Labor Review117(11): 53-60 .
8.
CBS (1993) Standaard Beroepenclassificatie 1992. Den Haag: SDU .
9.
Collins, R. (1979) The Credential Society. A Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification. New York: Academic Press .
10.
Córdova, E. (1986) ‘From Full-Time Employment to Atypical Employment: A Major Shift in the Evolution of Labour Relations?’ , International Labour Review125(6): 641-657 .
11.
Dale, A. and Bamford, C. (1988) ‘Temporary Workers: Cause for Concern or Complacency?’ , Work, Employment and Society2(2): 191-209 .
12.
Delsen, L. (1995) Atypical Employment: An International Perspective. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff .
13.
Delsen, L. (2000) Exit Poldermodel? Sociaal-Economische Ontwikkelingen in Nederland. Assen: Van Gorcum .
14.
Dekker, R. , de Grip, A. and Heijke, H. (2002) ‘The Effects of Training and Overeducation on Career Mobility in a Segemented Labour Market’ , International Journal of Manpower23(2): 106-125 .
15.
Doeringer, P. and Piore, M. (1971) Internal Labour Markets and Manpower Analysis. Lexington, MA: Heath .
16.
Emerson, M. (1988) ‘Regulation or Deregulation of the Labour Market’ , European Economic Review32(4): 775-817 .
17.
Fagan, C. , Plantenga, J. and Rubery, J. (1995) ‘Part-Time Work and Inequality. Lessons from the Netherlands and the UK’, in J. Lapreye and R. Hoffmann (eds) A Time for Working, a Time for Living, pp. 120-156. Brussels: ETUI/Labour Research Department .
18.
Gallie, D. , White, M. , Cheng, Y. and Tomlinson, M. (1998) Restructuring the Employment Relationship. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
19.
Giesecke, J. and Gross, M. (2003) ‘Temporary Employment: Chance of Risk?’ , European Sociological Review19(2): 161-177 .
20.
Goudswaard, A. (2003) Flexibele Arbeid - Duurzame Arbeid? De Stand van Zaken na Twintig Jaar Flexibilisering van Arbeid. Hoofddorp: TNO Arbeid .
21.
de Grip, A. (1985) ‘Interne Arbeidsmarkttheorieën: Een Overzicht’ , Maandschrift Economie49(4): 333-345 .
22.
de Grip, A. , Hoevenberg, J. and Willems, E. (1997) ‘Atypical Employment in the European Union’ , International Labour Review136(1): 49-71 .
23.
Huijgen, T. (2002) Methodiek Schoolverlatersinformatiesysteem 2001. Maastricht: Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market .
24.
Kalleberg, A. (2000) ‘Nonstandard Employment Relations: Part-Time, Temporary and Contract Work’ , Annual Review of Sociology26: 341-365 .
25.
Kalleberg, A. , Reskin, B. and Hudson, K. (2000) ‘Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States’ , American Sociological Review65(2): 256-278 .
26.
Kurz, K. and Steinhage, N. (2001) ‘Globaler Wettbewerb und Unsicherheiten beim Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt. Analysen für Deutschland in den 80er und 90er Jahren’ , Berliner Journal für Soziologie11(4): 513-531 .
27.
Lutz, B. and Sengenberger, W. (1974) Arbeidsmarktstrukturen und OffentlicheArbeidsmarktpolitiek. Gottingen: Otto Schwartz & CO.
28.
Magnum, G. , Mayall, D. and Nelson, K. (1985) ‘The Temporary Help Industry: Response to the Dual Labour Market’ , Industrial and Labour Relations Review38(4): 599-611 .
29.
Moberly, R. (1987) ‘Temporary, Part-time and Other Atypical Employment Relationships in the United States’ , Labour Law Journal38(11): 689-696 .
30.
Muffels, R. , Dekker, R. and Stancanelli, E. (1999) ‘Een Flexibele Baan: Opstap naar een Vaste Baan of Eindstation?’ , Sociale Wetenschappen42(2): 43-65 .
31.
Nollen, S. (1996) ‘Negative Aspects of Temporary Employment’ , Journal of Labor Research17(4): 567-582 .
32.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1987) ‘The Cost-Benefit Model’, in G. Psacharopoulos (ed.) Economics of Education: Research and Studies, pp. 342-347. Oxford: Pergamon Press .
33.
Remery, C. , van Doorne-Huiskes, A. and Schippers, J. (2002) ‘Labour Market Flexibility in the Netherlands: Looking for Winners and Losers’ , Work, Employment and Society16(3): 477-495 .
34.
ROA (1997) De Arbeidsmarkt naar Opleiding en Beroep tot 2002. Maastricht: Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market .
35.
ROA (2001) De Arbeidsmarkt naar Opleiding en Beroep tot 2006. Maastricht: Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market .
36.
Rubin, B. (1995) ‘Flexible Accumulation, the Decline of Contract, and Social Transformation’ , Research in Social Stratification and Mobility14: 297-323 .
37.
Steijn, B. (1999) ‘De Arbeidsmarktpositie van Flexibele Werknemers: Bewijs van een Gesegmenteerde Arbeidsmarkt?’ , Sociale Wetenschappen42(2): 90-105 .
38.
Steijn, B. and Need, A. (2003) ‘Loopbaaneffecten van Flexibele Arbeid’ , Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken19(2): 110-121 .
39.
Thurow, L. (1975) Generating Inequality. New York: Basic Books .
40.
Visser, J. and Hemerijck, A. (1997) ‘A Dutch Miracle’: Job Growth, Welfare Reform and Corporatism in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press .
41.
Wilthagen, T. (1998) Flexicurity: A New Paradigm for Labour Market Policy Reform? WZB Discussion Paper FS I 98-202. Berlin: Social Science Research Centre Berlin .
