The aim of this paper is to present a case of infective endocarditis (IE) caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The paper highlights the importance of 2D transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) and discusses the capabilities and advances of appliance of the 3D TOE in patient evaluation, better understanding of the diagnosis, and timely treatment. The use of this advance echocardiographic modality allows clear visualization of complex and destructive tissue lesions, such as the perforation observed and presented in this case.
HoenBAllaFSelton-SutyC, et al.; Association pour l'Etude et la Prévention de l'Endocardite Infectieuse (AEPEI) Study Group. Changing profile of infective endocarditis: results of a 1-year survey in France. JAMA2002; 288: 75–81.
2.
van der MeerJTThompsonJValkenburgHA,et al.Epidemiology of bacterial endocarditis in The Netherlands. II. Antecedent procedures and use of prophylaxis. Arch Intern Med1992; 152: 1869–1873.
3.
FowlerVGMiroJMHoenB, et al.; ICE Investigators. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA2005; 293: 3012–3021.
4.
MiroJMJrAngueraICabellCH, et al.; International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database Study Group. Staphylococcus aureus native valve infective endocarditis: report of 566 episodes from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database. Clin Infect Dis2005; 41: 507–514.
5.
NadjiGRémadiJPCoviauxF, et al.Comparison of clinical and morphological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis with endocarditis caused by other pathogens. Heart2005; 91: 932–937.
6.
AbdallahLHabibGRemadiJP, et al.Comparison of prognoses of Staphylococcus aureus left-sided prosthetic endocarditis and prosthetic endocarditis caused by other pathogens. Arch Cardiovasc Dis2016; 109: 542–549.
7.
BayerASBolgerAFTaubertKA, et al.Diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis and its complications. Circulation1998; 98: 2936–2948.
8.
NunesMCPGuimarães-JúniorMHMurta PintoPHO, et al.Outcomes of infective endocarditis in the current era: early predictors of a poor prognosis. Int J Infect Dis2018; 68: 102–107.
9.
HabibGErbaPAIungB, et al.; EURO-ENDO Investigators. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J2019; 40: 3222–3232.
10.
ChambersHFKorzeniowskiOMSandeMA. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: clinical manifestations in addicts and nonaddicts. Medicine (Baltimore)1983; 62: 170–177.
11.
RobinsonDLFowlerVGSextonDJ, et al.Bacterial endocarditis in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis1997; 30: 521–524.
12.
MarrKAKongLFowlerVG, et al.Incidence and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int1998; 54: 1684–1689.
SanabriaTJAlpertJSGoldbergR, et al.Increasing frequency of staphylococcal infective endocarditis. Experience at a university hospital, 1981 through 1988. Arch Intern Med1990; 150: 1305–1309.
15.
HogevikHOlaisonLAnderssonR, et al.Epidemiologic aspects of infective endocarditis in an urban population. A 5-year prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore)1995; 74: 324–339.
16.
EspersenFFrimodt-MøllerN. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. A review of 119 cases. Arch Intern Med1986; 146: 1118–1121.
17.
HeiroMNikoskelainenJEngblomE, et al.Neurologic manifestations of infective endocarditis: a 17-year experience in a teaching hospital in Finland. Arch Intern Med2000; 160: 2781–2787.
18.
HartRGFosterJWLutherMF,et al.Stroke in infective endocarditis. Stroke1990; 21: 695–700.
19.
KanterMCHartRG. Neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. Neurology1991; 41: 1015–1020.
20.
YarovoyJYMonteAAKnepperBC,et al.Epidemiology of Community-Onset Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. West J Emerg Med2019; 20: 438–442.
21.
WilsonJGuyRElgohariS, et al.Trends in sources of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia: data from the national mandatory surveillance of MRSA bacteraemia in England, 2006-2009. J Hosp Infect2011; 79: 211–217.
22.
WuWYeSChenGH. Right-sided infective mural endocarditis complicated by septic pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade caused by MSSA. Heart Lung2018; 47: 366–370.
23.
AslamAFAslamAKThakurAC, et al.Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis and septic pulmonary embolism after septic abortion. Int J Cardiol2005; 105: 233–235.
24.
Wierzbowska-DrabikKDamian KasprzakJ. Flail, aneurysm, perforation: enhanced visualisation of complex mitral valve damage in enterococcal endocarditis using 3D-echocardiography. Acta Cardiol2018; 73: 101–102.
25.
BhaveNMAddetiaKSpencerKT, et al.Localizing mitral valve perforations with 3D transesophageal echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging2013; 6: 407–410.
26.
LefèvreBLegoffABoutrouM, et al.Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: identifying prognostic factors using a method derived from morbidity and mortality conferences. Front Med (Lausanne)2022; 9: 1053278.
27.
DelgadoVMarsanNAde WahaS, et al.2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis: developed by the task force on the management of endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J2023; 44: 3948–4042.
28.
CagliKGursoyHTBasyigitF, et al.3-Dimensional images of mitral Annulus perforation: an alien's mouth. JACC Case Rep2022; 4: 101681.
29.
FaletraFFAgricolaEFlachskampfFA, et al.Three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography: how to use and when to use-a clinical consensus statement from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging2023; 24: e119–e197.
30.
PoonJLeungJTLeungDY. 3D Echo in routine clinical practice - state of the art in 2019. Heart Lung Circ2019; 28: 1400–1410.
31.
Baltodano-ArellanoRHuaman-CarrascoDCupe-ChacalcajeK, et al.Role of 3D transoesophageal echocardiography in the study of infective endocarditis. Demonstration in a case collection. Eur Heart J Imaging Methods Pract2024; 2(3): qyae085. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjimp/qyae085
32.
CacciapuotiF. Advantages of 3D echocardiography in the diagnosis of mitral valve endocarditis and its cardiac complications. J Cardio Disord Therapy2018; 1: 104.
33.
ThompsonKAShiotaTTolstrupK, et al.Utility of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of valvular perforations. Am J Cardiol2011; 107: 100–102.
