Abstract
Complex industrial nation-states organize themselves through social hierarchies, identified here as the regulatory (REG) sector, that include both public and private sectors. A comparison of some sixty countries over the past century shows their REG sector evolution to be constrained by regional-cultural antecedents and by major historical events. Overriding these constraints, however, is the consumption of nonhuman, or "commercial", energy, as REG sector expansion requires an increase of nonhuman energy consumption.
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