‘Creolization’, as subject and problematic, seems trapped in complex processes of cultural politics within and outside the ‘Caribbean’, even as it continues to figure significantly in the histories of globalization, nationalization and regionalization. In this article, we examine the subject of ‘creolization’ that has been so discursively implicated in the time, space and power marked experiences and practices of ‘Caribbean subjects’, in order to rethink it, and offer some analytical insights into the nature of the historical processes of making ‘modern’ subjects, place, and relatedly, homing modern freedoms.
Aching, G. ( 2002) Masking and Power: Carnival and Popular Culture in the Caribbean. Minneapolis, MN, and London: University of Minnesota Press.
2.
Alvarez, S., E. Dagnino, and A. Escobar (eds) (1998) Cultures of Politics and the Politics of Cultures. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
3.
Appadurai, A. ed. (2001) Globalization . Durham: Duke University Press .
4.
Archer, M. ( 1995) Realist Social Theory: A Morphogenetic Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5.
Baluntansky, K. and M.-A. Sourieau (eds) (1998) Caribbean Creolization: Reflections in the Cultural Dynamics of Language, Literature and Identity . Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
6.
Beckford, G.L. , (1972) Persistent Poverty: Underdevelopment in Plantation Economies of the Third World. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
7.
Barry, A., T. Osborne and N. Rose, (1996) Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neoliberalism and Rationalities of Government. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8.
Best, L. ( 1983) ‘West Indian Society One Hundred and Fifty Years After Abolition: A West Indian Re-examination of Some Classic Theories’ , abridged version of public lecture, delivered at the University of Hull.
9.
Bhaskar, R. ( 1993) Dialectic and the Pulse of Freedom. London: Routledge.
10.
Bhabha, H. ([ 1994] 2004) The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
11.
Brathwaite, E.K. ( 1975) ‘Caribbean Man in Time and Space’, Savacou11/12: 1-11.
12.
Brubaker, R. and F. Cooper ( 2001) ‘Beyond Identity’, Theory and Society29: 1-47.
13.
Calhoun, C. ( 1994) Social Theory and the Politics of Identity. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Chivallon, C. ( 2005) ‘Can One Diaspora Hide Another? Differing Interpretations of Black Culture in the Americas’, Social and Economic Studies54(2): 71-105.
16.
Clifford, J. ( 1997) Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century . Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press.
17.
Coates, N. ( 2001) ‘Gardens in the Sands: The Notion of Space in Recent Critical Theory and Contemporary Writing from the French Antilles’, URL http://web.mac.com/nick.coates/iWeb/Cabinet%20of%20Curiosities/Places_files/Thesis-masterB.pdf (consulted Feb. 2007).
18.
Crichlow, M. ( 2005) Negotiating Caribbean Freedom: Peasants and the State in Development. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
19.
Crichlow, M. and P. Northover ( 2005) ‘Beyond Survival: Rethinking the Strategies for "Sustainable Economic Growth" in the Caribbean’, Social and Economic Studies54(3): 247-74.
20.
Crichlow, M.A. and P. Northover ( 2009) Globalization and the Post-Creole Imagination: Notes on Fleeing the Plantation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
21.
Deleuze, G.( 1983) Nietzche and Philosophy. New York: Columbia University Press.
22.
Deleuze, G. ( 1993) The Fold, Leibniz and the Baroque, foreword and tr. Tom Conley. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
23.
Derrida, J. ( 1982) Margins of Philosophy, tr. with additional notes by Alan Bass. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
24.
Dreyfus, H. and P. Rabinow ( 1983) Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
25.
Dube, S. ( 2004) Stitches on Time, Colonial Textures and Postcolonial Tangles . Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
26.
Edensor, T. ( 2002) National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life. Oxford and New York: Berg Publishers .
27.
Edwards, B.H. ( 2001) ‘The Uses of Diaspora’, Social Text66(1)(19): 45-73.
28.
Edwards, B.H. ( 2003) The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29.
Elden, S. ( 2001) Mapping the Present: Heidegger, Foucault and the Project of Spatial History. London and New York: Continuum.
30.
Enwezor, O., C. Basualdo , U. M. Bauer, S. Ghez, S. Maharaj, M. Nash, and O. Zaya (eds) (2003) Créolité and Creolization (Kassel: Documenta Hatje Cantz Publishers.
31.
Eriksen, T.H. ( 1993) ‘Formal and Informal Nationalism’, Ethnic and Racial Studies16(1): 1-25.
32.
Ferguson, J. and A. Gupta ( 2002) ‘Spatializing States: Toward an Ethnography of Neo-Liberal Governmentality’, American Ethnologist29(4): 981-1002.
33.
Foucault, M. ( 1972) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, by Michel Foucault 1972-1977, ed. C,. Gordon.New York: Pantheon Books.
34.
Foucault, M. ( 1983) ÒThe Subject and Power: in H. Dreyfus and P. Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics., pp. 208-226. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1983 .
35.
Foucault, M. ( 1991) ’Politics and the Study of Discourse’, in G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (eds) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, pp. 53-86. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
36.
Foucault, M. ( 1994) ‘Nietzsche, Genealogy, History’, in P. Rabinow (ed.) The Foucault Reader, pp. 76-100. New York: Pantheon Books.
37.
Gebauer, G. and C. Wulf ( 1995) Mimesis: Culture-Art-Society, tr. Don Reneau.Berkley-Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.
38.
Gilroy, P. ( 1993) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39.
Gaspar, David Barry ( 2005) ‘"Subjects to the King of Portugal": Captivity and Repatriation in the Atlantic Slave Trade’, in E. Mancke and C. Shammas (eds) The Creation of the British Atlantic World: Anglo-America in the TransAtlantic World, pp. 93-114. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
40.
Glissant, E. ( 1989) Caribbean Discourse: Selected Essays, tr. with an introd. by Michael J. Dash. Charlottesville, VA: University Press Virginia.
41.
Glissant, E. ( 1990, 1997) Poetics of Relation, tr. B. Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
42.
Government of St Lucia (1998): Customs Duties (Amendment) Order: Saint Lucia Statutory Instrument, No. 2, 31.
43.
Gupta, A. and J. Ferguson ( 1997) Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology . Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
44.
Hannerz, U. ( 1987) ‘The World in Creolization’, Africa57: 546-59.
45.
Hannerz, U. ( 2006) ‘Theorizing through the New World? Not Really’ , American Ethnologist33(4): 563-5.
46.
Harris, W. ( 1983) ‘Creoleness: The Crossroads of a Civilization?’ in K. Baluntansky and M.-A. Sourieau (eds) Caribbean Creolization: Reflections in the Cultural Dynamics of Language, Literature and Identity , pp. 23-35. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
47.
Harvey, D. ( 2000) Spaces of Hope. Berkeley: University of California Press.
48.
Hintzen, P. ( 2004) ‘Creoleness and Nationalism in Guyanese Anticolonialism and Postcolonial Formation’, Small Axe15: 106-22.
49.
Hoy, D. ( 2005) Critical Resistance: From Poststructuralism to Post-Critique . Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press.
50.
Knauft, B. (ed.) (2002) Critically Modern: Alternatives, Alterities, Anthropologies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
51.
Knepper, W. ( 2006) ‘Colonization, Creolization and Globalization: The Art and Ruses of Bricolage’, Small Axe21: 70-86.
52.
Lefebvre, H. ( 1991) The Production of Space, tr. Donald Nicholson~Smith. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
53.
Lemke, T. ( 2001) ‘"The Birth of Bio-Politics": Michel Foucault’s Lecture at the Collège de France on Neo-Liberal Governmentality’ , Economy and Society30(2): 109-207.
54.
Lewis, W.A. ( 1955) Theory of Economic Growth. London: George Allen & Unwin.
55.
Lively, A. ( 2000) Masks: Blackness, Race and the Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
56.
Lokaisingh, S. ( 1998) The Diaporic Mo(ve)ment: Indentureship and Indo-Caribbean Identity. CERLAC working Paper Series, http://www.yorku.ca/cerlac/documents/Lokaisingh.pdf.
57.
Mackenzie, I. ( 2001) ‘Limits, Liminality and the Present: Foucault’s Ontology of Social Criticism’, Limen1(12), http://www.mi2hr/limen/limen1 (consulted Aug. 2007).
58.
McMichael, P. ( 1990) ‘Incorporating Comparison within the World-Historical Perspective: An Alternative Comparative Method’, American Sociological Review55: 385-97.
59.
Mancke, E. and C. Shammas (eds) (2005) The Creation of the British Atlantic World: Anglo-America in the TransAtlantic World. pp. 93-114. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
60.
Marx, K. ([ 1852] 1978) ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon’, in R. Tucker (ed.) The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: Norton.
61.
Migdal, J. ( 2001) State in Society: Studying How States and Societies Transform and Constitute One Another. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
62.
Mintz, S. and R. Price ( 1976) The Birth of African-American Culture: An Anthropological Approach. Boston, MA: Beacon Press .
63.
Mitchell, D. ( 2001) ‘Demonic Societies: Liberalism, Biopolitics and Sovereignty’, in T. Hansen and F. Stepputat (eds) States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Post Colonial State, pp. 41-64. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
64.
Moore, D. ( 2005) Suffering for Territory: Race, Place and Power in Zimbabwe . Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.
65.
Northover, P. and M.A. Crichlow ( 2007) ‘Freedom, Possibility and Ontology: Rethinking the Problem of "Competitive Ascent" in the Caribbean’, in C. Lawson, J. Latsis and N. Martins (eds) Contributions to Social Ontology , pp. 207-30. London: Routledge.
66.
Olaniyan, T. ( 1995) Scars of Conquest/Masks of Resistance: The Invention of Cultural Identities in African, African-American and Caribbean Drama. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
67.
Palmié, S. ( 2006) ‘Creolization and its Discontents’, Annual Review of Anthropology35: 433-56.
68.
Parker, D. ( 2000) ‘The Chinese Takeaway and the Diasporic Habitus: Space, Time and Power Geometries’, in B. Hesse (ed.) Un/Settled Multiculturalisms: Diasporas, Entanglements, Transruptions, pp. 73-95. London: Zed Press .
69.
Pelton, R. ([ 1980] 1989) The Trickster in West Africa: A Study of Mythic Irony and Sacred Delight. Berkeley: University of California Press.
70.
Phillips, C. ( 1986) A State of Independence. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
71.
Price, R. and S. Price ( 1997) ‘Shadowboxing in the Mangroves’, Cultural Anthropology12(1): 3-36.
72.
Puri, S. ( 2004) The Caribbean Postcolonial: Social Equality, Post/Nationalism and Cultural Hybridity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
73.
Quayson, A. ( 2003) Calibrations: Reading for the Social. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
74.
Quijano, A. ( 2000) ‘Coloniality of Power and Eurocentrism in Latin America’, International Sociology15(2): 215-32.
75.
Rizvi, A.M. ( 2005) ‘Reading Elden’s Mapping of the Present’ , Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy , 1(1): 177-84.
76.
Roberts, N. ( 2006) ‘Sylvia Wynter’s Hedgehogs: The Challenge for Intellectuals to Create New "Forms of Life" in Pursuit of Freedom’ , in A. Bogues (ed.) After Man, Towards the Human; Critical Essays on Sylvia Wynter, pp. 157-89. Kingston : Ian Randle Press.
77.
Robertson, R. ( 1992) Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: SAGE.
78.
Roff, J. ( 2006) ‘Gilles Deleuze’, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy5; http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deleuze.htm (consulted Dec. 2006).
79.
Romberg, R. ( 2005) ‘Ritual Piracy or Creolization with an Attitude’ , New West Indian Guide79(3-4): 175-218.
80.
Scott, D. ( 1999) Refashioning Futures: Criticism after Postcoloniality . Princeton: Princeton University Press.
81.
Scott, D. ( 2004) ‘Modernity that Predated the Modern: Sidney Mintz’s Caribbean’, History Workshop Journal58: 191-210.
82.
Scott, R.J. ( 2005) Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba After Slavery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Belknap.
83.
Sheller, M. ( 2003) ‘Creolization in Discourses of Global Culture’ , in S. Ahmed, C. Castaneda, A. Fortier and M Sheller (eds) Uprootings/Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration, pp. 273-94. Oxford and New York: Berg Publishers.
84.
Shepherd, V. and G. Richards (eds) (2002) Questioning Creole: Creolizing Discourses in Caribbean Culture. Kingston: Ian Randle; Oxford: James Currey .
85.
Simon, M. (ed.) (1986) Complete Poems of Hart Crane. London and New York: Liveright Publishing Co.
86.
Stewart, C. ( 1999) ‘Syncretism and its Synonyms: Reflections on Cultural Mixture’, Diacritics29(3): 40-62.
87.
Strong, T. ( 2000) Friedrich Nietzche and the Politics of Transfiguration . Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
88.
Tabak, F. and M. Crichlow ( 2000) Informalization: Structure and Process. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
89.
Thomas, D. ( 2004) Modern Blackness: Nationalism, Globalization and the Politics of Culture in Jamaica. Kingston: UWI Press;Durham, NC : Duke University Press.
90.
Tomich, D. ( 1994) ‘Worlds of Capital/Worlds of Labor: A Global Perspective’ , in J. R. Hall (ed.) Reworking Class: Cultures and Institutions of Economic Stratification and Agency, pp. 287-311. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
91.
Tomich, D. ( 2004) ‘Atlantic History and World Economy: Concepts and Constructions’, ProtoSociology: An International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research20: 102-21.
92.
Trouillot, M.-R. ( 2002) ‘Culture on the Edges: Caribbean Creolization in Historical Context’, in B. K. Axel (ed.) From the Margins: Historical Anthropology and its Futures, pp. 189-210. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
93.
Van Wolputte, S. ( 2004) ‘Hang on to your Selves: Of Bodies, Embodiments and Selves’, Annual Review of Anthropology (Oct.) 33: 251-69.
94.
Vergès, F. ( 2003) ‘Kilter Kreol: Processes and Practices of Créolité and Creolization’, in E. Okwui, C. Basualdo, U. M. Bauer , S. Ghez, S. Maharaj, M. Nash, and O. Zaya (eds) Créolité and Creolization, pp. 179-84. Kassel: Documenta Hatje Cantz Publishers.
95.
Wagley, C. ( 1960, 1980) ‘Plantation America: A Culture Sphere’, in Vera Rubin (ed.) Caribbean Studies: A Symposium, pp. 3-13. Seattle: University of Washington.
96.
Walcott, D. ( 1990) Omeros. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux.
97.
Wynter, S. ( 2003) ‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, its Overrepresentation. An Argument’, New Centennial Review3(3): 257-37.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
