This article analyzes how the complex intersections of political economy of war and transnational production led to particular social dynamics between Sri Lanka's women Free Trade Zone workers and military personnel. It explores the new spaces of violence against factory workers that resulted from increased militarization and women's FTZ garment factory employment. The article shows how the militarizing process continued even during the peace process and asserts that there will be little hope of eliminating the new spaces of violence without revising some of the political economic processes behind the war and transnational production.
Athas, Iqbal (2007) `Heavy Casualties as War Intensifies', Sunday Times Online (24 June). URL (consulted June 2007): http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070624/Columns/sitreport.html
2.
Berdahl, M. and D. Malone , eds (2000) Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
3.
Card, C. (1996) `Rape as a Weapon of War', Hypatia11(4): 5-18.
4.
Chaitanya, K. (2006) `Cost of War and its Impact on the Sri Lankan Economy' , in Sri Lanka's Ethnic Conflict in the Global Context. Colombo: Faculty of Graduate Studies.
5.
Cooke, M. (2001) `War, Gender and Military Studies: Review Essay' , NWSA Journal13(3): 181-8.
Dabindu Collective (1997) A Review of Free Trade Zones in Sri Lanka. BoralesgamuwaCRC Press.
8.
Daniel, V. (1996) Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropology of Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
9.
De Alwis, M., ed. (2000) Cat's Eye: A Feminist Gaze on Current Issues. Colombo: Cat's Eye Publications.
10.
De Mel, N. (2001) Women and the Nation's Narrative: Gender and Nationalism in Twentieth Century Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Kali for Women.
11.
De Mel, N. (2003/4) `Staging Pain : Representation, the Disabled Soldier and the Butterflies Theatre of Sri Lanka', Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities29/30(1-2): 111-29.
12.
De Mel, N. (2007) Militarizing Sri Lanka: Popular Culture, Memory and Narrative in the Armed Conflict. New Delhi: SAGE.
13.
DeVotta, N. (2004) Blowback: Lingusitic Nationalism, Institutional Decay and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
14.
DeVotta, N. (2007) `Strategizing Identities in a Civil War: Polyethnicity and Governance in Batticaloa', Paper presented at the Conference on Dialogue on Democracy and Pluralism in South Asia, 1-2 May, New Delhi, India.
15.
Enloe, C. (1983) Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives. Boston, MA: South End Press .
16.
Enloe, C. (2000) Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
17.
Enloe, C. (2004) The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Fernandez-Kelly, M.P. (1983) For we are Sold, I and my People. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
20.
Ferdinando, Shamantha (2007) `Jaffna Forces Experience Transport Chaos', URL (consulted May 2007): http://www.island.lk/2007/05/30/news1.html
21.
Fine, J. and M. Howard (1995) `Women in the Free Trade Zones of Sri Lanka', Dollars and Sense (Nov./Dec.): 26-7 and 39-40.
22.
Gamburd, M. (2005) `The Economics of Enlisting: A Village View of Armed Service', in D. Winslow and M. Woost (eds) Economy, Culture and Civil War in Sri Lanka, pp. 151-67. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
23.
Giles, W. and J. Hyndman , eds (2004) Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones. Berkeley: University of California Press.
24.
Hettiarachchy, T. and S.L. Schensul (2001) `The Risks of Pregnancy and the Consequences among Young Unmarried Women Working in a Free Trade Zone in Sri Lanka', Asia Pacific Population Journal16(2): 125-40.
25.
Hewamanne, Sandya (2008) Stitching Identities in a Free Trade Zone: Gender and Politics in Sri Lanka. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
26.
Hewamanne, Sandya (2008) `Negotiating City of whores': Nationalism, Development and Garment Factory Workers of Sri Lanka, Social Text26(95): 35-60.
27.
Hewamanne, Sandya (2006) `Pornographic Voice: Critical Feminist Practices among Sri Lanka's Garment Factory Workers'Feminist Studies , 32(1): 125-54.
28.
Hyndman, J. (2000) Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Humanitarianism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
29.
Jacobs, S., R. Jacobson and J. Marchbank (2000) States of Conflict: Gender, Violence and Resistance . London: Zed Books.
30.
Jayawardena, K. (1996) Embodied Violence: Communalising Women's Sexuality in South Asia. London: Zed.
31.
Jeganathan, P. (2002) `Walking through Violence: Everyday Life and Anthropology' , in D. Mines and S. Lamb (eds) Everyday Life in South Asia . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
32.
Jeganathan, P. (2002a) `A Space for Violence: Anthropology, Politics and the Location of a Sinhala Practice of Masculinity', in P. Chatterjee and P. Jeganathan (eds) Community, Gender and Violence. New York: Columbia University Press.
33.
Jok, J.M. (1998) Militarization, Gender and Reproductive Health in South Sudan. New York: Edwin Mellen Press.
34.
Jok, J.M. (2000) `Militarization and Gender Violence in South Sudan' , Journal of African and Asian Studies34: 427-42.
35.
Kapferer, B. (1988) Legends of People, Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press.
36.
Lutz, C. (2002) `The Wars Less Known', South Atlantic Quarterly101(2): 285-96.
37.
Lynch, C. (2005) `Economic Liberalization, Nationalism and Women's Morality in Sri Lanka', in D. Winslow and M. Woost (eds) Economy, Culture and Civil War in Sri Lanka. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
38.
Mills, M.B. (1999) Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
39.
Moser, C.N.O. and F. Clark (2001) Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence. London: Zed Books.
40.
Obeyesekere, G. (1975) `Sorcery, Premeditated Murder and the Canalization of Aggression in Sri Lanka', Ethnology14(1): 1-23.
41.
Obeyesekere, G. (1984) The Cult of the Goddess Pattini. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42.
Pena, D. (1997) The Terror of the Machine: Technology, Work, Gender and Ecology on the U.S.-Mexico Border. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
43.
Ramamurthy, P. (2002) `Material Consumers, Fabricating Subjects: Perplexity, Global Connectivity Discourses and Transnational Feminist Research', Cultural Anthropology18(4): 524-50.
44.
Rogers, J. (1987) Crime, Justice and Society in Colonial Sri Lanka . London: Curzon.
45.
Rosa, K. (1982) `Problems Facing Organizations Working within the Free Trade Zone in Comparison to Those Working Outside the Free Trade Zone Area', Voice of Women4: 8-9.
46.
Rosa, K. (1990) `Women Workers' Strategies of Organizing and Resistance in the Sri Lankan Free Trade Zone (FTZ)', South Asia Bulletin10(1): 33-43.
47.
Salzinger, L. (2003) Genders in Production: Making Workers in Mexico's Global Factories. Berkeley: University of California Press.
48.
Shehadeh, L., ed. (1999) Women and War in Lebanon. Gainsville: Florida University Press.
49.
Smith, H. (1993) `Health Survey of Women Workers in the Katunayake Free Trade Zone', Voice of Women4(13): 7-11.
50.
Spencer, J. (1992) `Collective Violence and Everyday Practice in Sri Lanka', Modern Asian Studies24(3): 603-23.
51.
Strategic Foresight Group (2006) Cost of Conflict in Sri Lanka. Mumbai: Strategic Foresight Group.
52.
Tennekoon, S. (1986) `"Macho" Sons and "Man-Made" Mothers', Lanka Guardian8(18): 13 and 24.
53.
Thiruchandran, S., ed. (1999) Women, Narration and Nation: Collective Images and Multiple Identities. New Delhi: Vikas.
54.
Utas, M. (2005) `Victimcy, Girlfriending, Soldiering: Tactic Agency in a Young Woman's Social Navigation of the Liberian War Zone', Anthropological Quarterly78(2): 403-30.
55.
Uyangoda, J. (1996) `Militarization, Violent State, Violent Society: Sri Lanka', in K. Rupesinghe and K. Mumtaz (eds) Internal Conflicts in South Asia. London: SAGE.
56.
Wijayatilake, K. (2004) Study on Sexual and Gender Based Violence in Selected Locations in Sri Lanka. Colombo: CENWOR.
57.
Winslow, D. and M. Woost (2004) `Introduction', in D. Winslow and M. Woost (eds) Economy, Culture and Civil War in Sri Lanka. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
58.
Wolf, D. (1992) Factory Daughters: Gender, Household Dynamics and Rural Industrialization in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.
