This article argues that two very different controversies of the 1990s—one
over Islamic headscarves in the French schools, the other over Catholic crucifixes
in Bavarian classrooms—are both symptoms of crises of national identity
and sovereignty in contemporary European nation states. These crises have been
provoked both by the globalization of economies and commodity culture as well as the
challenge to national political autonomy in the context of the European Union.
People who perceive themselves to represent both majority and minority cultures have
responded to these crises by constructions and assertions of identities (religious
and otherwise) and boundaries (between ‘us’ and
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