Certain Chinese cultural characteristics influence Chinese methods of bringing up children. Through the use of anecdotes and excerpts from poems and other literary works, striking differences between Chinese and Western approaches to learning are mapped out. The stress on "repeated effort" is typical in Chinese approaches to read ing and writing. Unity and collectivism are cultural truisms in China, while indepen dence and individualism define the modern Western background. Respect for the el derly and close family ties are other core concepts defining Chinese culture. Methods of upbringing should always be seen against the backdrop of cultural traditions.
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