Focused on the concept of risk, particularly its connotations in child survival re search, this paper addresses its questionable conceptualization in terms of factors of obscure social origin, and implications thereof for compromised well-being among Arab children. Guided by methodological considerations which problematize the pro cess of social generation of risk, the paper devotes special attention to child survival initiatives as implemented in Egypt. Finally, discussion centers on the ideological construction of scientific discourse.
Douglass M.Risk acceptability according to the social sciences. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1985 .
2.
Huffman S.Women's activities and impact on child nutrition. In: Gittinger JP, Leslie J, Hoisington C eds. Food policy: integrating supply, distribution, and consumption. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
3.
Mosley H., Chen LCAn analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries . In: Mosley H, Chen LC, eds. Child survival strategies for research. Pop Dev Rev1984: 10: 25-45. (suppl).
4.
Tully J., Dewey KGPrivate fears, global loss: A cross-cultural study of the insufficient milk syndrome. Med Anthropol1985: 9: 224-43.
5.
Brett JA, Niermeyer S.Neonatal jaundice: a disorder of transition or an adaptive process ? Med Anthropol Q1990: 4: 149-61.
6.
Coreil J, Mull JD, eds. Anthropology and primary health care. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.
7.
Fleuret P., Fleuret A.Social organization, resource management, and child nutrition in the Taita Hills, Kenya. Am Anthropol1991: 93: 91-114.
8.
Millard A.Child mortality and economic variation among rural mexican households . Soc Sci Med1985: 6: 589-99.
9.
Nichter M, Kendall C, eds. Contemporary issues of anthropology and international health. Med Anthropol Q1991 : 5: XXX-XXX.
10.
Scheper-Hughes N.Infant mortality and infant care: cultural and economic constraints on nurturing in northern Brazil. Soc Sci Med1984: 19: 535-46.
11.
Scrimshaw S. , Hurtado E.Anthropological involvement in the Central American diarrheal disease control project. Soc Sci Med1988: 27: 97-105.
12.
Shami S.Health and the family in the context of urban developoment projects: a case study from squatter areas in Amman, Jordan. Paper at invited session "Medical Anthropology in Arab Society". Ann Meet Am Anthrop Assoc, Washington, DC, Nov 14-20, 1989.
13.
Myntti C.The determinants of child health in Yemen: an application of anthropological and epidemiological methods. Paper at invited session "Medical Anthropology in Arab Society". Ann Meet Am Anthrop Assoc, Washington, DC, Nov 14-20, 1989 .
14.
Lane S.Starving bellies, rubber bullets, and shattered futures: the impact of civil conflict on child survival in the Middle-East. Paper at invited session "Medical Anthropology in Arab Society". Ann Meet Am Anthrop Assoc, Washington, DC, Nov 14-20, 1989.
15.
Ammar N.Children's health in a changing world: a case study from Upper Egypt. Paper at invited session "Medical Anthropology in Arab Society". Ann Meet Am Anthro Assoc, Washington, DC, Nov 14-20, 1989.
16.
Sholkami H.What we say and what they know: Egyptian peasants in the context of health intervention. 1990 (unpublished).
17.
Davis S.Convenience, cost and courtesy: factors influencing health care choices in rural Morocco. In: Zeichner CI, ed. Modern and traditional health care in developing countries: conflict and co-operation. Latham: U P America , 1988: 59-73.
18.
Nichter M., Cartwright E.Saving the children for the tobacco industry. Med Anthropol Q1991: 5: 236-56.
19.
Scheper-Hughes N, ed. Child survival: Anthropological perspectives on the treatment and maltreatment of children. Boston: Reidel, 1987.
20.
Taussig M.Nutrition, development, and foreign aid: a case study of US directed health care in a Colombian plantation. Int J Health Services1978: 8: 101-21.
21.
Turshen M.The politics of public health. New Jersey: Rutgers U P, 1989.
22.
Baer H, ed. Encounters With biomedicine. New York: Gordon & Breach, 1989.
23.
Chavez L.Mexican immigration and health care: a political economy perspective . Hum Org1986: 45: 344-52.
24.
Frankenberg R.Medical anthropology and development: a theoretical perspective. Soc Sci Med1980: 14b: 197-207. 25. Morsy S.The missing link in medical anthropology: the political economy of health. Rev Anthropol1979: Summer: 349-63.
25.
Morsy S.Toward a political economy of health: a critical note on the medical what of the Middle-East. Soc Sci Med1981: 15B: 159-63.
26.
Mullings L.Therapy, ideology and social change: mental healing in urban Ghana . Berkeley: U Cal Press, 1984.
27.
Onoge O.Capitalism and public health: a neglected theme in the medical anthorpology of Africa. In: Ingman S, Thomas E, eds. Topias and utopias of health . The Hague: Mouton, 1975.
28.
Singer M.The coming of age of critical medical anthropology. Soc Sci Med1989: 28: 1193-1203.
29.
Fardon R, ed. Localizing strategies: regional traditions of ethnographic writing. Edinburgh: Scott Acad Press, 1990 .
30.
Taussig M.Food and development: some tough questions for anthropologists. Anthropol Res Center Newsletter1979: 2: 1.
31.
Young A.The anthropologies of illness and sickness. Ann Rev Anthropol1982: 11: 257-85.
32.
Frankenberg R.Risks: corporeal, somatic or incarnate? Responses: natural, clinical or social ? 1988 (unpublished).
33.
Young A.The discourse on stress and the reproduction of conventional knowledge . Soc Sci Med1980: 14B: 133-46.
34.
Alexander J.The ideological construction of risk: an analysis of corporate health promotion programs in the 1980s. Soc Sci Med1988: 26: 559-67.
35.
Asad T.Anthroplogy and the analysis of ideology. Man1979: 14: 607-27.
36.
Banerji, D.Hidden menace in the universal child immunization program. Int J Health Services1988: 18: 293-99.
37.
Barker C., Turshen M.Primary health care or selective health strategies. Rev African Polit Econ1986: 36: 78-85.
38.
Walsh J., Warren K.Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. N Engl J Med1979 : 301: 967-74.
39.
Rifkin S., Walt G.Why health improves: defining the issues concerning 'comprehensive primary health care' and 'selective primary health care'. Soc Sci Med1986: 23: 559-66.
40.
de Almeida-Filho N.The object of knowledge of epidemiology. (unpublished).
41.
Bolton P., Kendall C., Leontsini E., Whitaker C.Health technologies and women of the third world. Women Int Devel Ann1989: 1: 57-100.
42.
Backett M., Davies A., Petros-Barvazian A.The risk approach in health care. Geneva: WHO, 1984.
43.
Noble Jesh, S.Hidden Arguments, New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press, 1989 .
44.
Gips J.Child nutrition and development: the cooptation of Altruism and the limits of positivism1991. (unpublished).
45.
Strauss S.The disembodied breast: women, breastfeeding, and health. 1989 (unpublished).
46.
Winikoff B. , Baer E.The obstetrician's opportunity: translating "Breast is best" from theory to practice. Am J Obstet Gynecol1980: 138: 105-16.
47.
Bello W.Disciplining the third world: the role of the World Bank in US foreign policy . CovertAction1991/92: 39: 20-25.
48.
Bald S.Integrating women in US funded activities: a case study of rural public health in India. WID FORUM1985: 85-IV. East Lansing, MI: Office of Women Int Devel, Michigan State U.
49.
Raikes A.Women's health in East Africa. Soc Sci Med1989: 28: 447-59.
50.
Hartmann, B.Reproductive rights and wrongs: the global politics of population control and contraceptive choice. New York: Harper & Row, 1987 .
51.
Abdul Ghani N. , Eriksson M., Kristiansson B., Qirbi A.The influence of khat-chewing on birth-weight in full-term infants. Soc Sci and Med1985 : 24: 625-27.
52.
Jamal A.Pesticide tragedies in Sudan. Global Pesticide Campaign1992: 2: 4.
53.
El-Bayoumi A.Radioactive milk and government responsibility . Al-Ahali1987: March II (in Arabic).
54.
Balouris C.Rubber and plastic bullet eye injuries in Palestine. Lancet1990: 335: 415.
55.
Giacaman R.Life and health in three palestinian Villages. London: Ithaca Press, 1988.
56.
Physicians for Human Rights.The casualties of conflict: medical care and human rights in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Somerville, MA: Physicians for Human Rights, 1988. 58. Zureik H.The impact of war on family health: a field study in West Beirut. Beirut: Am U Beirut, 1988 (in Arabic).
57.
Salem H., Abdulla K., Shaaban M.Norplant and lactation. In: The Norplant subdermal contraceptive system. Proc Symp Longterm Subdermal Contraceptive Implants . Assiut: Assiut University, 1984: 39-50.
58.
Lloyd C., Waters H.France: one culture, one people? Race Class1991: 32: 49-65.
59.
Qutub M.The market: between honor and sweat in the land of supply and demand . Al-Yassar1992: 26: 32-35.
60.
Palestinian Red Crescent Society.Health under occupation: health and social conditions of the Palestinian people in occupied Palestine 1987-1988. Report Submitted to the WHO Assembly . Nicosia: Sanabel Publishing.
61.
Unicef.Iraq immunization, diarrhoeal disease, maternal and childhood mortality survey ( 1990). Amman: Regional Office for the Middle-East and North Africa, 1991.
62.
Schaller J. , Nightingale E.Children and childhoods: hidden casualties of war and civil unrest. J Am Med Assoc1992 : 268: 642-44.
63.
EI-Samani EFTrip report to Iraq for the period 21-29 March, 1991. Amman: UNICEF, 1991.
64.
El-Samani EFTrip report to Iraq for the period 22/4-1/5/ 1991. Amman : UNICEF, 1991.
65.
WHO/UNICEF Report of WHO/UNICEF Special Mission to Iraq, 1991.
66.
Harvard Study Team.The effect of the Gulf Crisis on the children of Iraq. N Engl J Med1991: 325: 977-80.
67.
Arab Am Med Assoc.Medical conditions in Iraq. USA: AAMA Emergency and Disaster Committee , 1991.
68.
Physicians for Human Rights.Summary of findings, physicians for human rights mission to Iraq, April 3-10, 1991. Somerville, Mass: Physicians for Human Rights, 1991.
69.
Physicians for Human Rights.The children of Iraq: on the brink of disaster. Briefing memorandum/revised . Somerville, Mass: Physicians for Human Rights, 1991.
70.
Brown D.Study says Iraqi children dying at accelerated rate. Washington Post, October 23, 1991: A3.
71.
Goshko J., Marcus R.US assails UN-Iraq relief pact. Washington Post, October 20, 1992: A9.
72.
Grant J.The State of the world's children. Oxford: Oxford U P for UNICEF.
73.
Williams I.United Nations of America?: why the right loves the UN. Nation1992: 254: 478-82.
74.
Rowe T.US pulls back from opposing UN-Iraq pact. Washington Post October 22, 1992: A20.
75.
McHugh L.Child health in the third world: US and international initiatives . Washington DC: Congressional Research Services Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division, 1988.
76.
Morsy S.US aid to Egypt: an illustration and account of US foreign assistance policy . Arab Stud Q1986: 8: 358-89.
77.
Morsy S.Choice in context: Egyptian women, the state and US reproductive policies. Participant commentary presented at the invited session on "The politics of reproduction," Ann Meet Am Anthropol Assoc, New Orleans, Nov 27-Dec 2.
78.
Hatem M.Privatization and the demise of state feminism Egypt ( 1977- 1990). In: Sparr P, ed. Structural Adjustment and Women in the Third World. Vienna : NGLS (in press).
79.
U S Agency for Int Devel.Child survival programs in Egypt. Impact evaluation report No.73. Washington, DC: USAID, 1990.
80.
Kuhnke L.Lives at risk: public health in nineteenth-century Egypt. Berkeley: U Cal, 1990 .
81.
El-Mougi M., Langsten R.Diarrhea and diarrhea treatment among infants and children at an oral rehydration center in Cairo. 1986 (unpublished).
82.
Tekce B.Oral rehydration therapy: an assessment of mortality effects in rural Egypt . Studies in Family Planning1982: 13: 315-27.
83.
Sholkami H.Sociocultural factors influencing the prevalence of diarrheal disease in rural Upper Egypt: an ethnographic study in two villages in Assiut. Cairo: UNICEF/Egypt, 1990.
84.
Wahba S.Sociocultural factors influencing the prevalence of diarrheal disease in rural Upper Egypt: an ethnographic study in two villages of aswan. Cairo: UNICEF/Egypt, 1990.
85.
El-Hadidi H.Sociocultural factors influencing the prevalence of diarrheal disease in rural Upper Egypt: an ethnographic study in two villages of Sohag. Cairo: UNICEF/Egypt , 1990.
86.
Morsy S.Gender, sickness and healing in rural Egypt: ethnography in historical context . Boulder: Westview Press , 1992 (in press).
87.
Hirschhorn N.Appropriate health technology in Egypt. MERIP1989: 161: 26-27.
88.
Tekce B.Households, resources, and child health in a self-help settlement in Cairo . Soc Sci Med1990: 30: 929-40.
89.
Nassar H.Critical evaluation of previous studies on health policies in Egypt . Paper symp Analysis of General Policies, Center for Political Research and Studies, Cairo University, December 23-26,1987.
90.
Miller C., Coulter E., Schorr L., Fine A., Adams-Taylor S.The world economic crisis and the children: United States case study . Int J Health Services1985: 15: 95-134.
91.
Waldie J.Health as an instrument of foreign policy. Congr Rec1968: 114: 3391-2.
92.
Moses M.Testimony of Marion Moses, MD before the Toronto Board of Health, May 3, 1989.
93.
El-Bayoumi A.A return to the tragedy of carcinogenic pesticides . Al-Ahram Al-Iqtisadi1983: Jan 24: 20-21 (in Arabic).
94.
Allen M.The diet connection. Cairo Today, April 1987 : 38-39.
95.
Springborg R.Rolling back Egypt's agrarian reform. MERIP1990: 166: 28-30, 38.
96.
Korayem K.The impact of economic adjustment policies on the vulnerable families and children in Egypt. Cairo: The third world forum, Middle East Office/UNICEF, Egypt .
97.
Leslie J. P, ed. Women, work, and child welfare in the third world. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.
98.
Crawford R.Your are dangerous to your health: The ideology and politics of victim blaming. Int J Health Services1977: 7: 663-80.
99.
Laurell ACSocial analysis of collective health in Latin America. Soc Sci Med1989: 28: 1183-91).
100.
Ratcliffe J., Gonzalez-del-Valle A.Rigor in health-related research. Int J Health Services1988: 18: 361-92.
