Networks of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have gained a measure of influence in policy and funding debates for the multilateral development banks, particularly the World Bank (WB). Addressing organizations owned and governed by member states, they have raised issues of environmental impact, economic and social justice, political participation, and the rights of minorities (sometimes majorities) usually excluded from national and global decision making. With their success have come pressures that reveal tensions and contradictions in the networks' representation, agenda setting, self-governance, and claims to legitimacy. These tensions can be traced to the networks' position in a changing international political economy. They have weakened the NGOs' influence with the WB and its major member states and are now stimulating proposals and initiatives to change the networks' self-governance.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Asaria, M. I.
(1994). North must lead to change lifestyle. Third World Resurgence, 28, 7-8.
2.
Ben Abdallah, T.
, & Mamaty, I. (1990). Africa's debt crisis: Events and proposals since 1980. African Environment, 7,25-41.
3.
Bread for the World Institute
. (1995). Status report, International Financial Institutions Accountability Project, April 1994-February 1995, 4.
4.
Broad, R.
(1988). Unequal alliance: The World Bank, The IMF and the Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5.
Clark, J.
(1991). Democratizing development: The role of voluntary organisations. Hartford, CT: Kumarian.
6.
Cleary, S.
(1995). In whose interest? NGO advocacy campaigns and the poorest. An exploration of two Indonesian examples. International Relations, 12, 9-35.
7.
Covey, J.
(in press). Critical cooperation? Influencing the World Bank through policy dialogue and operational cooperation. In J. Fox & L. D. Brown (Eds.), The struggle for accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
8.
Development GAP.
(1993). The other side of the story. Washington, DC: Author.
9.
Development GAP.
(1996, September 8). Minutes of World Bank-SAP review meeting (posted on Internet conference, available at http://www.igc.apc.org/dgap/).
10.
Durbin, A. C.
(1995, September). Trade and environment: The North-South divide. Environment, 37(7), 37-41.
11.
50 Years Is Enough! Campaign.
(1995). One year is not enough. Washington, DC: Author.
12.
50 Years Is Enough! Campaign Platform. (1994). Washington, DC: Author.
13.
Fisher, J.
(1993). The road from Rio: Sustainable development and the non-governmental movement in the third world. Westport, CT: Praeger.
14.
Fox, J.
, & Brown, L. D. (Eds.). (in press). The struggle for accountability: The World Bank, NGOs, and grassroots movements. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
15.
Griesgraber, J. M.
, & Gunter, B. (Eds.). (1996). Development: New paradigms and principles for the twenty-first century. London: Pluto Press.
16.
Heredia, C.
, & Purcell, M. (1994). The polarization of Mexican society: A grassroots view of World Bank economic adjustment programs. Washington, DC: The Development GAP and Equipo Pueblo.
17.
Hulme, D.
& Edwards, M. (Eds.). (1997). NGOs, states and donors: Too close for comfort?New York: St. Martin's.
18.
InterAction.
(1996). Promoting popular participation at the World Bank through Inter Action's World Bank Project. Washington, DC: Author.
19.
Inter-Africa Group.
(1995, January 11). Recommendations of the African NGO Consultation on IDA 11, Addis Ababa, Africa.
20.
Jordan, L.
, & van Tuijl, P. (1997, June). Political responsibility in NGO advocacy. Unpublished manuscript.
21.
Keck, M.
, & Sikkink, K. (in press). Activists without borders: Transnational advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
22.
Khor, M.
(1994, August 31). Development: Social summit draft calls for SAPs review. Third World Network press release.
23.
Martin, A.
(1993, November 30). Address to the Conference on Global Hunger. Available from the World Bank, Washington DC.
24.
Morse, B.
, & Berger, T. (1992). Sardar Sarovar: The report of the independent commission. Ottawa, Canada: Resource Futures International.
25.
Mosley, P.
, Harrigan, J., & Toye, J. (1991). Aid and power: The World Bank and policy-based lending (Vol. 1). London: Routledge.
26.
Nelson, P. J.
(1995). The World Bank and non-governmental organizations: The limits of apolitical development. London: Macmillan.
27.
Nelson, P. J.
(1996). Internationalising economic and environmental policy: Transnational NGO networks and the World Bank's expanding influence. Millennium, 25,605-633.
28.
NGO Position Paper on IDA-10.
(1992, April 16). Attachment to letter to George A. Folsom, deputy assistant secretary, unpublished.
29.
Oxfam UK and Ireland.
(1994, September). Structural adjustment and inequality in Latin America: How IMF and World Bank policies have failed the poor. Mimeo.
30.
Princen, T. E.
, & Finger, F. (1994). Environmental NGOs in world politics: Linking the local and the global. London: Routledge.
31.
Reid, W V.
, Barnes, J. N., & Blackwelder, B. (1988). Bankrolling successes: A portfolio of sustainable development projects. Washington, DC: Environmental Policy Institute and National Wildlife Federation.
32.
Rich, B.
(1994). Mortgaging the earth: The World Bank, environmental impoverishment, and the crisis of development. Boston: Beacon.
33.
Riker, J.
(1993, September 2-5). State-NGO relations and the politics of sustainable development in Indonesia: An examination of political space. Paper presented to the American Political Science Association annual meetings, Washington, DC.
34.
Save the Children Federation
. (1993,July). Investing in health-World Development Report 1993-The SCF perspective. Unpublished manuscript.
35.
Schwartzman, S.
(1986). Bankrolling disasters. Washington, DC: Sierra Club.
36.
Sikkink, K.
(1993). Human rights, principled issue-networks, and sovereignty in Latin America. International Organization, 47,411-441.
37.
Smith, J.
(1996, April 17). Transnational social movements, entrepreneurial leadership and international agendas. Paper presented at the International Studies Association annual meetings, San Diego, CA.
38.
Udall, L.
(1994). The World Bank's revised information policy and new inspection panel: Public accountability or public relations? In J. Cavanagh, D. Wysham, & M. Arruda (Eds.), Beyond Bretton Woods: Alternatives to the Global Economic Order (pp. 145-154). Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
39.
UN-NGO Workshop on Debt, Adjustment and the Needs of the Poor. (1987, September 19-22). Final statement, Oxford, UK.
40.
Wapner, P.
(1995). Politics beyond the state: Environmental activism and world civic politics. World Politics, 47,311-340.
41.
Wllliams, D.
, & Young, T. (1994). Governance, the World Bank and liberal theory. Political Studies, 42,84-100.
42.
Wolfensohn, J. D.
(1995, October 10). Address by James D. Wolfensohn to the board of governors of the World Bank Group, at the Joint Annual Discussion (World Bank Press Release No. 2). Washington, DC: World Bank.
43.
World Bank.
(1980). World Development Report 1980. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press.
44.
World Bank.
(1990). World Development Report 1990. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press.
45.
World Bank.
(1992a). Additions to IDA Resources: Tenth replenishment. Washington, DC: Author.
46.
World Bank.
(1992b, September 16). Meeting between IDA deputies, executive directors, and NGOs (Summary Record). Washington, DC: Author.
47.
World Bank.
(1994a). Report of the Participation Learning Group. Washington, DC: Author.
48.
World Bank.
(1994b). Annual Report 1994. Washington, DC: Author.
49.
World Bank.
(1995, October 12). NGOs, bank set differences aside, call for full IDA funding. World Bank News, 14, 10.
50.
World Bank.
(1996, August 12). Eleventh replenishment of IDA and the role of the interim trustfund. Washington, DC: Author.
51.
World Bank.
(1997, July 9). Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative, project description (Typescript). Washington, DC: Author.
52.
Yanovitch, L.
, & Macray, D. (1996, July 30). The multilateral development banks and the microfinance sector. Paper prepared for the Congressional Task Force on the US and the Multilateral Development Banks, Washington, DC.
53.
Young, D.
(1991). The structural imperatives of international advocacy associations. Human Relations, 44, 921-941.
