Volunteerism develops from two fundamental human inclinations: the
self-regarding inclination, which focuses on creative human powers, and
the other-regarding tendency, which focuses on altruistic human powers.
It is crucial to recognize the primary nature of freedom of choice in the
voluntary act. In that regard, volunteering becomes an important spiritual
act of human beings.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anderson, John C, and Larry F Moore. (1978). The Motivation to Volunteer. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 7, 120-129.
2.
Batson, C.Daniel, Michelle H.Bolen, Julie A. Cross, and Helen E.Neuringer-Benefiel. (1986). Where is the Altruism in the Altruistic Personality?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 212-220.
3.
Blum, Lawrence A. (1980). Friendship, Altruism and Morality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
4.
Cropsey, Joseph (1977) Pohtical Philosophy and the Issues of Politics . Chicago: University of Chicago Press
5.
Dodd, Ruth. (1983) The Unique Contribution of the Volunteer. In Brian O'Connell (ed.), America's Voluntary Spirit: A Book of ReadingsNew York: Foundation Center.
6.
Frankl, Viktor E (1959) Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy . New York: Washington Square Press .
7.
Glen, J. Stanley. (1966). Erich Fromm: A Protestant CritiquePhiladelphia: Westminster Press.
8.
Government of Canada. (1977). People in Action: Report of National Advisory Council on Volunteer Action to the Government of Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services.
9.
Hardin, Garrett (1977) The Limits of Altruism An Ecologist's View of Survival . Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
10.
Hoffman, Martin L (1978). Psychological and Biological Perspectives on Altruism . International Journal of Behavioural Development, 1, 323-339.
11.
Homer, Frederic D (1983). Character. An Individualistic Theory of PoliticsLanham, MD: University Press of America.
12.
Howarth, Edgar (1976). Personality Characteristics of Volunteers. Psychological Reports, 38, 855-858.
13.
Langton, Stuart (1982). The New Volunteerism In John D. Harman (ed ), Volunteerism in the Eighties Fundamental Issues in Voluntary Action (pp. 3-21). Lanham, MDUniversity Press of America
14.
Lifton, Robert J. (1973). The Sense of Immortality: On Death and the Continuity of Life. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 33, 3-15
15.
Lifton, Robert J. (1976). The Life of the Self. New York : Touchstone.
16.
McClennen, Edward F (1975). Comment. In Edmund S. Phelps (ed.), Altruism, Morality and Economic Theory (pp. 133-139) New YorkRussell Sage Foundation.
17.
Maclntyre, Alasdair. (1984). After Virtue (2nd ed.). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press
18.
Matthews, Robert C , and Kacey J. Kling (1988). Self-Transcendence, Time Perspective, and Prosocial Behavior. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 17, 4-24.
19.
Mead, Walter B. (1983). Will as Moral Faculty. In Francis Canavan (ed ), The Ethical Dimension of Political Life Essays In Honor of John H Hallowell (pp 61-77). Durham, NC. Duke University Press.
20.
Niebuhr, Reinhold. (1964). The Nature and Destiny of Man Vol 1. Human Nature. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
21.
Niebuhr, Reinhold. (1965) Man's Nature and His Communities Essays on the Dynamics and Enigmas of Man's Personal and Social Existence. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
22.
Orwin, Clifford. (1983) Welfare and the New Dignity The Public Interest , 71, 85-95.
23.
Porter, J.M. (1983). Democracy and Autonomy in Rousseau. In Francis Canavan (ed.), The Ethical Dimension of Political Life: Essays in Honor of John H. Hallowell (pp. 78-91) Durham, NCDuke University Press.
24.
Porter, J.M. ( 1986). Rousseau: Will and Politics. In J M. Porter and Richard Vernon (eds.), Unity, Plurality and Politics: Essays in Honour of F. M Barnard (pp. 52-74). London. Croom Helm .
25.
Ricoeur, Paul. (1974) The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics . Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press
26.
Sandel, Michael J. (1982). Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
27.
Sehaar, John H. (1961). Escape from Authority: The Perspectives of Erich Fromm. New York: HarperCollins.
28.
Smith, David Horton. (1982). Altruism, Volunteers and Volunteerism. In John D. Harman (ed.), Volunteerism in the Eighties: Fundamental Issues in Voluntary Action (pp. 23-44). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
29.
Spragens, Thomas, Jr. (1983). David Hume's "Experimental" Science of Morals and the Natural Law Tradition In Francis Canavan (ed.), The Ethical Dimension of Political Life: Essays in Honor of John H. Hallowell (pp. 107-124). Durham, NCDuke University Press.
30.
Taylor, Charles. (1985). Human Agency and Language: Philosophical Papers (2 vols.)Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
31.
Thomas, Lewis. (1983). Altruism: Self-Sacrifice for Others. In Brian O'Connell (ed.), America's Voluntary Spirit: A Book of Readings (pp. 23-26). New York: Foundation Center.
32.
Tillich, Paul. (1948). The Shaking of the Foundations. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
33.
Toulmin, Stephen. (1961). Foresight and Understanding: An Enquiry into the Aims of Science. New York: Harpercollins .
34.
Trusted, Jennifer. (1984). Free Will and Responsibility. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
35.
Van Til, Jon (1988). Mapping the Third Sector: Voluntarism in a Changing Social Economy. New York: Foundation Center.
36.
Veatch, Henry B. (1962). Rational Man: A Modern Interpretation of Aristotelian Ethics. Bloomington. Indiana University Press.
37.
Wilson, Edward O (1978) The Genetic Evolution of Altruism. In L. Wispe (ed.), Altruism, Sympathy, and Helping. Psychological and Sociological Principles (pp 303-328). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
38.
Winch, Peter. (1958) The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
