This article describes the fledgling state and growth of not-for-profit orga
nizations in the Soviet Union. The buoyant reappearance of this sector
can be seen as a response to the legitimized recognition of gaps in service
delivery at a time when social, political, and economic changes under
perestroika create openings for new initiatives, which challenge the mono
lithic system in place. As such, not-for-profits reflect state failure and, at
the same time, tentative movements toward a civic society. Some continuity
with prerevolutionary practices and institutions is noted.
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